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Beyond π–π Stacking: Understanding Inversion Symmetry Breaking in Crystalline Racemates
Journal of the American Chemical Society ( IF 14.4 ) Pub Date : 2023-07-24 , DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05380
Yiran Wang 1 , Matthew L Nisbet 1 , Kendall R Kamp 1 , Emily Hiralal 1 , Romain Gautier 2 , P Shiv Halasyamani 3 , Kenneth R Poeppelmeier 1
Affiliation  

The design of noncentrosymmetric (NCS) solid state materials, specifically how to break inversion symmetry between enantiomers, has intrigued chemists, physicists, and materials scientists for many years. Because the chemical complexity of molecular racemic building units is so varied, targeting these materials is poorly understood. Previously, three isostructural racemic compounds with a formula of [Cu(H2O)(bpy)2]2[MF6]2·2H2O (bpy = 2,2’=bipyridine; M = Ti, Zr, Hf) were shown to crystallize in the NCS space group Pna21, of polar, achiral crystal class mm2. In this work, we synthesized five new racemic compounds with the formula [Cu(H2O)(dmbpy)2]2[MF6]2·xH2O (dmbpy = 4,4′/5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine; M = Ti, Zr, Hf). Single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that the five newly synthesized compounds feature equimolar combinations of Δ- and Λ-Cu(dmbpy)2(H2O)2+ complexes that are assembled into packing motifs similar to those found in the reported NCS structure but all crystallize in centrosymmetric (CS) space groups. Seven structural descriptors were created to analyze the intermolecular interactions on the assembly of Cu racemates in the CS and NCS structures. The structural analysis reveals that in the CS structures, the inversion center results from parallel heterochiral π–π stacking interactions between adjacent Cu racemates regardless of cation geometries, hydrogen bonding networks, or interlayer architectures, whereas in the NCS structure, nonparallel heterochiral π–π interactions between the adjacent Cu racemates preclude an inversion center. The parallel heterochiral π–π interactions in the CS structures can be rationalized by the restrained geometries of the methyl-substituted ligands. This work demonstrates that the introduction of nonparallel stacking can suppress the formation of an inversion center for an NCS racemate. A conceptual framework and practical approach linking the absence of inversion symmetry in racemates is presented for all NCS crystal classes.

中文翻译:

超越 π-π 堆叠:了解晶体外消旋体中的反演对称性破缺

非中心对称(NCS)固态材料的设计,特别是如何打破对映体之间的反演对称性,多年来一直引起化学家、物理学家和材料科学家的兴趣。由于分子外消旋结构单元的化学复杂性多种多样,因此人们对这些材料的研究知之甚少。此前,三种同构外消旋化合物的通式为 [Cu(H 2 O)(bpy) 2 ] 2 [MF 6 ] 2 ·2H 2 O(bpy = 2,2'=联吡啶;M = Ti、Zr、Hf)显示在 NCS 空间群Pna 2 1中结晶,极性非手性晶体类别mm 2。在这项工作中,我们合成了五种新的外消旋化合物,其分子式为 [Cu(H 2 O)(dmbpy) 2 ] 2 [MF 6 ] 2 · x H 2 O(dmbpy=4,4'/5,5'-二甲基-2,2'-联吡啶;M=Ti、Zr、Hf)。单晶 X 射线衍射表明,五种新合成的化合物具有 Δ- 和 Λ-Cu(dmbpy) 2 (H 2 O) 2+复合物的等摩尔组合,这些复合物组装成类似于已报道的 NCS 结构中的堆积图案但都在中心对称(CS)空间群中结晶。创建了七个结构描述符来分析 CS 和 NCS 结构中 Cu 外消旋体组装的分子间相互作用。结构分析表明,在CS结构中,反转中心是由相邻Cu外消旋体之间平行异手性π-π堆积相互作用产生的,无论阳离子几何形状、氢键网络或层间结构如何,而在NCS结构中,非平行异手性π-π堆积相互作用导致相邻铜外消旋体之间的相互作用排除了反转中心。CS结构中的平行异手性π-π相互作用可以通过甲基取代配体的受限几何结构合理化。这项工作表明,引入非平行堆积可以抑制 NCS 外消旋体反转中心的形成。针对所有 NCS 晶体类别,提出了将外消旋体中不存在反演对称性联系起来的概念框架和实用方法。
更新日期:2023-07-24
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