Antioxidants which are indispensable functional additives used in rubber tires, are released into aquatic habitats from tire wear particles (TWP), collected in water bodies, and threaten the aquatic ecosystem. This study aimed to design eco-friendly derivatives of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ) with increased antioxidant activity to use as tire antioxidants. Initially, seventy highly efficient derivatives of TMQ were designed by hydroxylation modifications at multiple sites. The antioxidant activity of hydroxyl derivatives was characterized based on DFT method and compared with TMQ. Twenty derivatives showing a significant (greater than 9%) increase in antioxidant activity compared to TMQ were selected for the next stage. The toxicity risk of these twenty TMQ derivatives was assessed using various toxicokinetic methods. Finally, six TMQ derivatives with significantly lower toxicity risk compared to that of TMQ were evaluated for potential developmental toxicity. They were characterized using molecular docking and molecular dynamics techniques to assess the developmental toxicity risk in silver salmon by absorption of their ROO·, HO·, O₂·^– and O₃ derivatives. TMQ-6 and TMQ-48 showed the lowest toxicity among all TMQ derivatives by a rather large margin. The study throws light on the path of future endeavors to develop highly efficient and greener tire antioxidants.

抗氧化剂是橡胶轮胎中不可缺少的功能添加剂，它们从轮胎磨损颗粒（TWP）中释放到水生栖息地，并收集在水体中，威胁水生生态系统。本研究旨在设计具有更高抗氧化活性的 2,2,4-三甲基-1,2-二氢喹啉 (TMQ) 的环保衍生物，用作轮胎抗氧化剂。最初，通过多位点羟基化修饰设计了七十种高效TMQ衍生物。基于DFT方法表征羟基衍生物的抗氧化活性，并与TMQ进行比较。与 TMQ 相比，选择了 20 种抗氧化活性显着（大于 9%）增加的衍生物用于下一阶段。使用各种毒代动力学方法评估了这二十种 TMQ 衍生物的毒性风险。最后，评估了六种与 TMQ 相比毒性风险显着降低的 TMQ 衍生物的潜在发育毒性。_{使用分子对接和分子动力学技术对它们进行表征，通过吸收其 ROO·、HO·、O 2} · ^–和 O ₃衍生物来评估银鲑鱼的发育毒性风险。TMQ-6 和 TMQ-48 在所有 TMQ 衍生物中表现出最低的毒性，并且具有相当大的优势。该研究为未来开发高效、绿色轮胎抗氧化剂的努力指明了道路。