Increasing human pressures are driving a global loss of biodiversity and of Nature’s Contributions to People (NCP)—the contributions of living nature to people’s quality of life. Understanding the spatial relationship between biodiversity and NCP is essential for securing Earth’s life support systems. Here we estimate the importance of high-biodiversity regions in maintaining the provision of three NCP under four scenarios of climate change. We focus on critical regulatory NCP which are currently facing decline: regulation of air quality, climate and freshwater quantity. We estimate the current and future value of NCP using a suite of environmental indicators and evaluate whether risk from environmental change is higher or lower within high-biodiversity regions compared with control regions. We find higher levels of NCP within high-biodiversity regions both in the present and the future for all indicators, which highlights the spatial congruence between biodiversity and NCP. Moreover, air quality and climate regulation indicators show rapidly increasing levels within high-biodiversity regions, especially under higher-emission scenarios. Our results point to a substantial contribution of high-biodiversity areas to the provision of NCP. Protecting areas of high biodiversity value will synergistically contribute to the preservation of many of nature’s contributions humanity depends on.

日益增加的人类压力正在导致全球生物多样性和自然对人类的贡献（NCP）——生物对人类生活质量的贡献——的丧失。了解生物多样性和 NCP 之间的空间关系对于确保地球生命支持系统的安全至关重要。在这里，我们估计了高生物多样性地区在四种气候变化情景下维持三种 NCP 供应的重要性。我们专注于目前面临衰退的关键监管 NCP：空气质量、气候和淡水数量的监管。我们使用一套环境指标来估计 NCP 的当前和未来价值，并评估与对照区域相比，高生物多样性区域内环境变化的风险是更高还是更低。我们发现，无论是现在还是未来，所有指标在高生物多样性区域内的 NCP 水平都较高，这凸显了生物多样性与 NCP 之间的空间一致性。此外，空气质量和气候调节指标显示高生物多样性地区的水平迅速上升，特别是在高排放情景下。我们的结果表明，高生物多样性地区对 NCP 的提供做出了重大贡献。保护具有高生物多样性价值的地区将协同有助于保护人类赖以生存的许多自然贡献。特别是在较高排放的情况下。我们的结果表明，高生物多样性地区对 NCP 的提供做出了重大贡献。保护具有高生物多样性价值的地区将协同有助于保护人类赖以生存的许多自然贡献。特别是在较高排放的情况下。我们的结果表明，高生物多样性地区对 NCP 的提供做出了重大贡献。保护具有高生物多样性价值的地区将协同有助于保护人类赖以生存的许多自然贡献。