Gd–Er interaction promotes NaGdF4:Yb, Er as a new candidate for high-power density applications,Journal of Materials Chemistry C

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Gd–Er interaction promotes NaGdF4:Yb, Er as a new candidate for high-power density applications
Journal of Materials Chemistry C ( IF 5.7 ) Pub Date : 2023-07-12 , DOI: 10.1039/d3tc01391j
Daniel Avram ₁ , Andrei A. Patrascu _{1,

2} , Marian Cosmin Istrate _{3,

4} , Carmen Tiseanu ₁

Affiliation

High-power density applications using up-conversion (UC) systems rely mostly on the Yb, Tm lanthanide couple. Herein, we investigate the extent to which Gd high energy levels can enhance the four-order UC process in NaGdF₄:Yb, Er under pulsed excitation, making the Yb, Er UC system suitable for high power density applications. Unlike cw excitation, pulsed laser excitation enables higher equivalent power densities with reduced local heating effects. We found that Gd upholds the saturation level by one order of magnitude in NaGdF₄:Yb, Er@NaYF₄ compared to NaYF₄:Yb, Er@NaYF₄ nanoparticles, i.e., from 5 × 10⁶ to 5 × 10⁷ W cm⁻². Such an effect is determined by efficient two-step Er–Gd energy transfer, in which the Gd levels, populated by four-order Yb–Er processes, act further as the long(est)-lived reservoir level for Er UC emissions. Notably, above 10⁸ W cm⁻², NaGdF₄:Yb, Er@NaYF₄ shows similar performance to NaGdF₄:Yb, Tm@NaYF₄ in terms of UC photon order, which is considered a direct indicator of spatial resolution in high power density applications. Our results showcase the promise of the Yb, (Gd) Er UC system for high power density applications, thus stimulating research for expanding the presently limited range of applicable UC systems.

中文翻译：

Gd-Er 相互作用促进 NaGdF4:Yb, Er 成为高功率密度应用的新候选者

使用上转换 (UC) 系统的高功率密度应用主要依赖于 Yb、Tm 镧系元素对。_{在此，我们研究了Gd高能级在脉冲激发下增强NaGdF 4} :Yb, Er中四阶UC过程的程度，使得Yb, Er UC系统适合高功率密度应用。与连续波激发不同，脉冲激光激发可实现更高的等效功率密度，同时减少局部热效应。_{我们发现，与 NaYF 4} :Yb, Er@NaYF ₄纳米颗粒相比，NaGdF ₄ :Yb, Er@NaYF ₄纳米颗粒中 Gd 的饱和度提高了一个数量级，即从 5 × 10 ⁶到 5 × 10 ⁷ W cm⁻²。这种效应是由有效的两步 Er-Gd 能量转移决定的，其中由四阶 Yb-Er 过程填充的 Gd 水平进一步充当 Er UC 排放的长（最长）寿命库水平。值得注意的是，在10⁸ W cm^-2以上，NaGdF₄ :Yb, Er@NaYF₄在UC光子级数方面表现出与NaGdF₄ :Yb, Tm@NaYF₄相似的性能，这被认为是高空间分辨率的直接指标。功率密度应用。我们的结果展示了 Yb、(Gd) Er UC 系统在高功率密度应用中的前景，从而刺激了扩大目前有限的适用 UC 系统范围的研究。

更新日期：2023-07-12

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