We review one of the most fruitful areas in cosmology today that bridge theory and data—the temporal growth of large-scale structure. We go over the growth’s physical foundations, and derive its behavior in simple cosmological models. While doing so, we explain how measurements of growth can be used to understand theory. We then review how some of the most mature cosmological probes—galaxy clustering, gravitational lensing, the abundance of clusters of galaxies, cosmic velocities, and cosmic microwave background—can be used to probe the growth of structure. We report the current constraints on growth, which are summarized as measurements of the parameter combination \(f\sigma _8\) as a function of redshift, or else as the mass fluctuation amplitude parameter \(S_8\). We finally illustrate several statistical approaches, ranging from the “growth index” parameterization to more general comparisons of growth and geometry, that can sharply test the standard cosmological model and indicate the presence of modifications to general relativity.

我们回顾了当今宇宙学中连接理论和数据最富有成果的领域之一——大规模结构的时间增长。我们回顾了增长的物理基础，并在简单的宇宙学模型中推导了它的行为。在此过程中，我们解释了如何使用增长测量来理解理论。然后，我们回顾了一些最成熟的宇宙学探测器——星系团、引力透镜、星系团的丰度、宇宙速度和宇宙微波背景——如何用于探测结构的生长。我们报告了当前对增长的限制，这些限制被总结为作为红移函数的参数组合\(f\sigma _8\)的测量值，或者作为质量波动幅度参数\(S_8\) 。最后，我们说明了几种统计方法，从“增长指数”参数化到更一般的增长和几何比较，这些方法可以敏锐地测试标准宇宙学模型并表明对广义相对论的修改的存在。