Developing sustainable and clean electrochemical energy conversion technologies is a promising route to address energy scarcity and environmental pollution challenges, where electrocatalysts with high efficiency are of significance. To date, it is a huge challenge to prepare catalysts that facilitate multi-step reactions due to the difficulty in balancing the adsorption strength of multiple intermediates on a single catalytic site. Recently, owing to their multiple active centers and structural diversity, dual-site catalysts (DSCs), including catalysts containing heterointerfaces and heteroatoms, have attracted extensive interest to encourage multi-step reactions. Remarkable progress has been achieved by DSCs in the fields of electrocatalysis, such as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR). In this review, we provide a systematic summary of the development of DSCs in the past years, as well as their applications in typical catalytic reactions. We categorized the DSCs into heterostructure catalysts, elemental doping catalysts, and diatomic-site catalysts, focusing on the catalytic mechanism of different types of DSCs catalysts. This review is aiming to shed light on the physical and chemical properties of the emergent DSCs and gain insights into the synergistic effect within the dual site in close proximity, thus offering guidelines to the catalyst design for multiple reactions in the future.

中文翻译：

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新兴电催化中双中心催化剂的最新进展：综述

开发可持续、清洁的电化学能源转换技术是解决能源短缺和环境污染挑战的一条有前途的途径，其中高效电催化剂具有重要意义。迄今为止，由于难以平衡单个催化位点上多个中间体的吸附强度，制备促进多步反应的催化剂是一个巨大的挑战。近年来，由于其多个活性中心和结构多样性，双中心催化剂（DSC），包括含有异质界面和杂原子的催化剂，引起了广泛的兴趣，以促进多步反应。DSCs在析氢反应（HER）、析氧反应（OER）等电催化领域取得了显着的进展。₂还原反应(CO ₂ RR)。在这篇综述中，我们系统总结了过去几年DSC的发展，以及它们在典型催化反应中的应用。我们将DSC分为异质结构催化剂、元素掺杂催化剂和双原子位催化剂，重点研究了不同类型DSC催化剂的催化机理。本综述旨在阐明新兴 DSC 的物理和化学性质，并深入了解邻近双位点内的协同效应，从而为未来多反应的催化剂设计提供指导。