This study focuses on microbial protein (MP) as a promising food-feed alternative source that may contribute to overcoming the increased food challenge. It analyzes the traditional and advanced MP technologies, their progress, sustainability, and environmental limitations. Traditional MP technologies are reliable for global food-feed supply chains but face higher production costs and negative environmental impacts. Advanced MP systems utilize sustainable sources like food waste, but limited availability and characteristics necessitate pretreatments. Power-to-protein technology looks promising due to its ability to capture CO₂ and avoiding external organic carbon addition, although more research is still needed. Cultivating indigenous microorganisms in agricultural wastewater, such as biofloc technology, offer potential for nutrient recovery and reduced environmental impacts. Microalgal biomass is sustainable but faces challenges of low palatability, productivity, and high costs, while ongoing studies try to solve these challenges. This review concludes that the advanced MP technologies are environmentally friendly and promising, while further studies are necessary to enhance performance and commercial implementation.

本研究重点关注微生物蛋白（MP）作为一种有前景的食品饲料替代来源，可能有助于克服日益严峻的食品挑战。它分析了传统和先进的 MP 技术及其进展、可持续性和环境限制。传统的 MP 技术对于全球食品饲料供应链来说是可靠的，但面临着更高的生产成本和负面环境影响。先进的 MP 系统利用食物垃圾等可持续资源，但有限的可用性和特性需要进行预处理。电力转蛋白质技术因其捕获 CO _{2的能力而看起来很有前景}并避免添加外部有机碳，尽管仍需要更多研究。在农业废水中培养本土微生物（例如生物絮凝技术）可以提供养分回收和减少环境影响的潜力。微藻生物质是可持续的，但面临适口性低、生产率低和成本高的挑战，而正在进行的研究试图解决这些挑战。本次审查的结论是，先进的 MP 技术是环境友好且有前景的，但需要进一步研究以提高性能和商业实施。