OBJECTIVE Juvenile courts that apply the risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model should periodically reassess youths and observe reductions in risk. There is a gap in knowledge concerning the reliable implementation of the specific responsivity principle of the RNR model, which emphasizes considering youths' unique characteristics to support rehabilitation success. In the present study, we aimed to identify whether specific responsivity factors (i.e., age, gender, and race/ethnicity) and supervision experiences (i.e., time under supervision and participation in judicial programs) effect changes in risk scores. HYPOTHESES We anticipated that (a) time under supervision would be negatively associated with dynamic risk, (b) participation in judicial programs would be positively associated with dynamic risk, and (c) race/ethnicity (not age or gender) would moderate the relationship between supervision experiences and dynamic risk. METHOD The sample consisted of 360 youths who served probation in a midwestern court. We tested multilevel models to determine differential impacts of supervision experiences on dynamic risk across responsivity factors, controlling for initial risk scores and offense seriousness. RESULTS Partially confirming our hypotheses, results showed that spending longer periods on probation and being referred to judicial programs were both associated with negative changes in risk scores (i.e., risk scores increased over time). There was no effect of age or gender; however, race/ethnicity predicted dynamic risk. The average change in risk score was 1.81 units lower for historically marginalized youths (b = -1.82, SE = 0.68, p = .01), and the magnitude of the effect was significantly driven by multiracial youths. As expected, race/ethnicity moderated the relationship between time on probation and changes in risk scores. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that improper application of the specific responsivity principle of the RNR model may diminish desired rehabilitation outcomes. Closing this theory-to-practice gap would improve court supervision experiences for all youths. In future studies, researchers should continue investigating specific responsivity factors and the dynamic validity of risk assessment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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缓刑的动态风险和差异影响：将年龄、种族和性别视为响应因素。

目标 应用风险需求响应（RNR）模型的少年法庭应定期重新评估青少年并观察风险的降低情况。关于可靠实施 RNR 模型的具体响应原则的知识存在差距，该模型强调考虑青少年的独特特征以支持康复成功。在本研究中，我们的目的是确定特定的反应因素（即年龄、性别和种族/民族）和监督经验（即接受监督和参与司法项目的时间）是否会影响风险评分的变化。假设 我们预计 (a) 监管时间与动态风险呈负相关，(b) 参与司法计划将与动态风险呈正相关，(c) 种族/民族（而非年龄或性别）将调节这种关系监管经验与动态风险之间的关系。方法 样本由 360 名在中西部法院服缓刑的青少年组成。我们测试了多层次模型，以确定监管经验对跨响应因素的动态风险的不同影响，并控制初始风险评分和违规严重性。结果部分证实了我们的假设，结果表明，较长的缓刑期和被转介至司法计划均与风险评分的负面变化相关（即风险评分随着时间的推移而增加）。没有年龄或性别的影响；然而，种族/民族预测了动态风险。对于历史上被边缘化的青少年来说，风险评分的平均变化低 1.81 个单位（b = -1.82，SE = 0.68，p = .01），并且影响的大小显着由多种族青少年驱动。正如预期的那样，种族/族裔调节了缓刑时间与风险评分变化之间的关系。结论 研究结果表明，RNR 模型的特定响应性原则应用不当可能会降低预期的康复结果。缩小理论与实践之间的差距将改善所有青少年的法庭监督体验。在未来的研究中，研究人员应继续研究具体的反应因素和风险评估的动态有效性。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。