Aging is characterized by systemic chronic inflammation, which is accompanied by cellular senescence, immunosenescence, organ dysfunction, and age-related diseases. Given the multidimensional complexity of aging, there is an urgent need for a systematic organization of inflammaging through dimensionality reduction. Factors secreted by senescent cells, known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), promote chronic inflammation and can induce senescence in normal cells. At the same time, chronic inflammation accelerates the senescence of immune cells, resulting in weakened immune function and an inability to clear senescent cells and inflammatory factors, which creates a vicious cycle of inflammation and senescence. Persistently elevated inflammation levels in organs such as the bone marrow, liver, and lungs cannot be eliminated in time, leading to organ damage and aging-related diseases. Therefore, inflammation has been recognized as an endogenous factor in aging, and the elimination of inflammation could be a potential strategy for anti-aging. Here we discuss inflammaging at the molecular, cellular, organ, and disease levels, and review current aging models, the implications of cutting-edge single cell technologies, as well as anti-aging strategies. Since preventing and alleviating aging-related diseases and improving the overall quality of life are the ultimate goals of aging research, our review highlights the critical features and potential mechanisms of inflammation and aging, along with the latest developments and future directions in aging research, providing a theoretical foundation for novel and practical anti-aging strategies.

衰老的特点是全身慢性炎症，并伴有细胞衰老、免疫衰老、器官功能障碍和年龄相关疾病。鉴于衰老的多维复杂性，迫切需要通过降维来系统地组织炎症。衰老细胞分泌的因子，称为衰老相关分泌表型（SASP），可促进慢性炎症，并可诱导正常细胞衰老。同时，慢性炎症会加速免疫细胞的衰老，导致免疫功能减弱，无法清除衰老细胞和炎症因子，形成炎症和衰老的恶性循环。骨髓、肝脏、肺部等器官的炎症水平持续升高，无法及时消除，导致器官损伤和衰老相关疾病。因此，炎症被认为是衰老的内源性因素，消除炎症可能是抗衰老的潜在策略。在这里，我们从分子、细胞、器官和疾病层面讨论炎症，并回顾当前的衰老模型、尖端单细胞技术的影响以及抗衰老策略。由于预防和减轻衰老相关疾病、提高整体生活质量是衰老研究的最终目标，我们的综述重点介绍了炎症和衰老的关键特征和潜在机制，以及衰老研究的最新进展和未来方向，为新颖实用的抗衰老策略的理论基础。