Pyrrole is a versatile heterocyclic moiety exhibiting a wide range of pharmacological actions with high therapeutic value. The importance of pyrrole in the pharmaceutical field lies in its versatility, selectivity, and biocompatibility, and these properties make it a valuable tool for drug design and development. The pyrrole moiety is a fundamental building block for many biologically active molecules and has gathered significant attention in the fields of medicinal and organic chemistry; hence, its synthesis has been a crucial area for research. There are various conventional as well as modern approaches to acquiring a series of pyrrole scaffolds, with a wide range of attractive features and drawbacks pertaining to each approach. An extensive amount of literature must be studied to compare the best synthetic routes. This article highlights the applications of pyrrole derivatives in various fields, such as drug discovery, material science, and catalysis, and provides an overview of modern synthetic pathways that include metals, nanomaterials, and complex heterogeneous catalysed methods for pyrrole derivatives. Special emphasis is given to the use of green chemistry principles like green solvent-based methods, microwave-aided methods, and solvent-free methods in the synthesis of pyrroles, with the recent developments and prospects in the synthetic and organic chemistry fields. Overall, this review article provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis of pyrroles and complies with all the possible developments in the synthetic routes for pyrroles within 2015– 2022. Among all, the reactions catalysed by proline, copper oxides, and oxones have been shown to be the most effective synthetic route for pyrrole derivatives at mild reaction conditions and with excellent yields. This information will be helpful for researchers interested in the development of new pyrrole-based compounds. The categorization in this review provides an easy means for the reader to rationally select the best possible synthetic method for pyrrole derivatives.

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吡咯衍生物合成的最新进展——更新

吡咯是一种多功能杂环基团，具有广泛的药理作用和较高的治疗价值。吡咯在制药领域的重要性在于其多功能性、选择性和生物相容性，这些特性使其成为药物设计和开发的宝贵工具。吡咯部分是许多生物活性分子的基本组成部分，并在药物和有机化学领域引起了极大的关注；因此，其合成一直是研究的重要领域。有多种传统和现代方法来获取一系列吡咯支架，每种方法都有广泛的吸引人的特点和缺点。必须研究大量文献来比较最佳合成路线。本文重点介绍了吡咯衍生物在药物发现、材料科学和催化等各个领域的应用，并概述了吡咯衍生物的现代合成途径，包括金属、纳米材料和复杂的多相催化方法。特别强调了绿色溶剂法、微波辅助法、无溶剂法等绿色化学原理在吡咯合成中的应用，以及合成化学和有机化学领域的最新进展和前景。总的来说，这篇综述文章对吡咯的合成进行了全面的概述，并遵循了2015-2022年吡咯合成路线的所有可能发展。其中，由脯氨酸、氧化铜和过氧化酮催化的反应已被证明是反应条件温和且收率优异的吡咯衍生物最有效的合成路线。这些信息将对有兴趣开发新型吡咯基化合物的研究人员有所帮助。本综述中的分类为读者合理选择吡咯衍生物的最佳合成方法提供了一种简单的方法。