The Amazon hosts one of the largest and richest rainforests in the world, but its origins remain debated. Growing evidence suggests that geodiversity and geological history played essential roles in shaping the Amazonian flora. Here we summarize the geo-climatic history of the Amazon and review paleopalynological records and time-calibrated phylogenies to evaluate the response of plants to environmental change. The Neogene fossil record suggests major sequential changes in plant composition and an overall decline in diversity. Phylogenies of eight Amazonian plant clades paint a mixed picture, with the diversification of most groups best explained by constant speciation rates through time, while others indicate clade-specific increases or decreases correlated with climatic cooling or increasing Andean elevation. Overall, the Amazon forest seems to represent a museum of diversity with a high potential for biological diversification through time. To fully understand how the Amazon got its modern biodiversity, further multidisciplinary studies conducted within a multimillion-year perspective are needed. ▪The history of the Amazon rainforest goes back to the beginning of the Cenozoic (66 Ma) and was driven by climate and geological forces.▪In the early Neogene (23–13.8 Ma), a large wetland developed with episodic estuarine conditions and vegetation ranging from mangroves to terra firme forest.▪In the late Neogene (13.8–2.6 Ma), the Amazon changed into a fluvial landscape with a less diverse and more open forest, although the details of this transition remain to be resolved.▪These geo-climatic changes have left imprints on the modern Amazonian diversity that can be recovered with dated phylogenetic trees.▪Amazonian plant groups show distinct responses to environmental changes, suggesting that Amazonia is both a refuge and a cradle of biodiversity.

中文翻译：

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亚马逊植物区系的新近纪历史：基于地质学、古生物学和分子系统发育数据的视角


亚马逊拥有世界上最大、最丰富的热带雨林之一，但其起源仍存在争议。越来越多的证据表明，地质多样性和地质历史在塑造亚马逊植物群方面发挥了重要作用。在这里，我们总结了亚马逊的地质气候历史，并回顾了古古生物学记录和时间校准的系统发育，以评估植物对环境变化的反应。新近纪化石记录表明植物组成发生了重大的连续变化，多样性总体下降。八个亚马逊植物分支的系统发育描绘了一幅喜忧参半的图景，大多数类群的多样化最好用随时间变化的物种形成率来解释，而其他类群则表明与气候变冷或安第斯海拔升高相关的特定分支的增加或减少。总的来说，亚马逊森林似乎代表了一个多元化的博物馆，随着时间的推移，生物多样化的潜力很大。为了充分了解亚马逊是如何获得现代生物多样性的，需要在数百万年的视角下进行进一步的多学科研究。▪在新近纪早期（马 年 66 月），由气候和地质力量▪驱动.在新近纪早期（马 23-13.8 年），一个具有偶发性河口条件和植被的大型湿地发展起来，从红树林到陆地森林.▪在新近纪晚期（马 13.8-2.6 年），亚马逊变成了河流景观，森林多样性较低，森林更加开阔， 尽管这种转变的细节仍有待解决。▪这些地理气候变化在现代亚马逊生物多样性上留下了印记，可以用过时的系统发育树来恢复。▪亚马逊植物群对环境变化表现出独特的反应，这表明亚马逊既是生物多样性的避难所，也是生物多样性的摇篮。