Immediacy is a skill therapists use to process the therapeutic relationship in the here and now. Although immediacy has been shown to enhance the therapeutic process, therapists are often reluctant to use it (Hill et al., 2018). In three studies, we developed and tested a measure to assess reasons that therapists avoid using this skill: the Barriers to Using Immediacy Scale (BUIS). In Study 1, 185 North American therapist trainees completed the 45-item pilot measure. Exploratory factor analysis supported a four-factor structure (Concerns About Client Reactions, Concerns About Therapist Reactions, Negative Beliefs About Immediacy, Lack of Skills for Using Immediacy). In Study 2, with an international sample of 352 therapist trainees and professionals, confirmatory factor analyses supported the original four correlated factors model, as well as alternative models. In Study 3, 89 undergraduate students in a helping skills class completed the BUIS at three points during the semester. Students' total barriers and barriers due to a lack of skills decreased, but other perceived barriers did not decrease after training. Across all three studies, predicted correlations of BUIS scores were found with measures of self-efficacy for using immediacy, adherence to different theoretical orientations, communication style, and attachment style. Incremental validity was supported by the association of BUIS scores with measures of open communication and attachment style, after accounting for self-efficacy for immediacy. Limitations and future directions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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即时使用障碍量表 (BUIS) 的开发和验证。

即时性是治疗师用来处理此时此地的治疗关系的技能。尽管即时性已被证明可以增强治疗过程，但治疗师通常不愿意使用它（Hill et al., 2018）。在三项研究中，我们开发并测试了一种测量方法来评估治疗师避免使用这种技能的原因：使用即时性量表的障碍（BUIS）。在研究 1 中，185 名北美治疗师学员完成了 45 项试点措施。探索性因素分析支持四因素结构（对来访者反应的担忧、对治疗师反应的担忧、对即时性的消极信念、缺乏使用即时性的技能）。在研究 2 中，通过 352 名治疗师实习生和专业人员的国际样本，验证性因素分析支持最初的四个相关因素模型以及替代模型。在研究 3 中，帮助技能课程的 89 名本科生在学期内分三个时间点完成了 BUIS。学生的总障碍和由于缺乏技能而导致的障碍有所下降，但培训后其他感知到的障碍并没有减少。在所有三项研究中，都发现了 BUIS 分数的预测相关性与使用即时性、坚持不同理论方向、沟通风格和依恋风格的自我效能感测量之间的相关性。在考虑了即时性的自我效能感后，增量有效性得到了 BUIS 分数与开放沟通和依恋风格测量的关联的支持。讨论了局限性和未来的方向。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。