Social hierarchy is one fundamental aspect of human life, structuring interactions in families, teams, and entire societies. In this review, we put forward a new theory about how social hierarchy is shaped by the wider societal contexts (i.e., cultures). Comparing East Asian and Western cultural contexts, we show how culture comprises societal beliefs about who can raise to high rank (e.g., become a leader), shapes interactions between high- and low-ranking individuals (e.g., in a team), and influences human thought and behavior in social hierarchies. Overall, we find cultural similarities, in that high-ranking individuals are agentic and self-oriented in both cultural contexts. But we also find important cross-cultural differences. In East Asian cultural contexts, high-ranking individuals are also other oriented; they are also concerned about the people around them and their relationships. We close with a call to action, suggesting studying social hierarchies in more diverse cultural contexts.

中文翻译：

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高等级中的自我和他人取向：社会等级制度的文化心理学方法。


社会等级制度是人类生活的一个基本方面，它构建了家庭、团队和整个社会的互动。在这篇综述中，我们提出了一种关于社会等级制度如何由更广泛的社会背景（即文化）塑造的新理论。比较东亚和西方的文化背景，我们展示了文化如何包含关于谁可以晋升到高级别（例如，成为领导者）的社会信念，如何塑造高级别和低级别个人之间的互动（例如，在团队中）以及影响社会等级中的人类思想和行为。总体而言，我们发现了文化上的相似之处，即高层人士在两种文化背景下都具有代理性和自我导向性。但我们也发现了重要的跨文化差异。在东亚文化背景下，高层人士也是以他人为导向的。他们还关心周围的人和他们的关系。最后，我们呼吁采取行动，建议在更多元化的文化背景下研究社会等级制度。