血脑屏障 (BBB) 是一种天然保护膜,可防止中枢神经系统 (CNS) 免受血液中毒素和病原体的侵害。然而,血脑屏障的存在使中枢神经系统疾病的药物治疗变得复杂,因为大多数化学药物和生物药物都无法进入大脑。药物进入大脑的不足导致治疗效果低下,并且由于在其他器官和组织中的积累而加剧了副作用。材料科学和纳米技术的最新突破提供了具有定制结构和特性的先进材料库,可作为靶向药物输送的强大工具包。在大脑和 BBB 的解剖学和病理学研究领域的深入研究进一步促进了以大脑为目标的策略的发展,以增强 BBB 交叉。在这篇评论中,总结了促成这一屏障的生理结构和不同细胞。强调了渗透性调节和 BBB 交叉的各种新兴策略,包括被动转胞吞作用、鼻内给药、配体结合、膜涂层、刺激触发的 BBB 破坏以及其他克服 BBB 障碍的策略。总结和分析了有机、无机和生物衍生材料的多功能药物输送系统及其合成程序和独特的物理化学性质。本综述旨在为不同领域的研究人员提供最新和全面的指南,为脑靶向药物递送系统的进一步发展提供观点。强调了渗透性调节和 BBB 交叉的各种新兴策略,包括被动转胞吞作用、鼻内给药、配体结合、膜涂层、刺激触发的 BBB 破坏以及其他克服 BBB 障碍的策略。总结和分析了有机、无机和生物衍生材料的多功能药物输送系统及其合成程序和独特的物理化学性质。本综述旨在为不同领域的研究人员提供最新和全面的指南,为脑靶向药物递送系统的进一步发展提供观点。强调了渗透性调节和 BBB 交叉的各种新兴策略,包括被动转胞吞作用、鼻内给药、配体结合、膜涂层、刺激触发的 BBB 破坏以及其他克服 BBB 障碍的策略。总结和分析了有机、无机和生物衍生材料的多功能药物输送系统及其合成程序和独特的物理化学性质。本综述旨在为不同领域的研究人员提供最新和全面的指南,为脑靶向药物递送系统的进一步发展提供观点。并强调了克服 BBB 障碍的其他策略。总结和分析了有机、无机和生物衍生材料的多功能药物输送系统及其合成程序和独特的物理化学性质。本综述旨在为不同领域的研究人员提供最新和全面的指南,为脑靶向药物递送系统的进一步发展提供观点。并强调了克服 BBB 障碍的其他策略。总结和分析了有机、无机和生物衍生材料的多功能药物输送系统及其合成程序和独特的物理化学性质。本综述旨在为不同领域的研究人员提供最新和全面的指南,为脑靶向药物递送系统的进一步发展提供观点。
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The blood–brain barrier: structure, regulation, and drug delivery
Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB complicates the pharmacotherapy for CNS disorders as the most chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals have been impeded to enter the brain. Insufficient drug delivery into the brain leads to low therapeutic efficacy as well as aggravated side effects due to the accumulation in other organs and tissues. Recent breakthrough in materials science and nanotechnology provides a library of advanced materials with customized structure and property serving as a powerful toolkit for targeted drug delivery. In-depth research in the field of anatomical and pathological study on brain and BBB further facilitates the development of brain-targeted strategies for enhanced BBB crossing. In this review, the physiological structure and different cells contributing to this barrier are summarized. Various emerging strategies for permeability regulation and BBB crossing including passive transcytosis, intranasal administration, ligands conjugation, membrane coating, stimuli-triggered BBB disruption, and other strategies to overcome BBB obstacle are highlighted. Versatile drug delivery systems ranging from organic, inorganic, and biologics-derived materials with their synthesis procedures and unique physio-chemical properties are summarized and analyzed. This review aims to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive guideline for researchers in diverse fields, offering perspectives on further development of brain-targeted drug delivery system.