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Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Piperazine and N-Benzylpiperidine Hybrids of 5-Phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiol as Potential Multitargeted Ligands for Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy
ACS Chemical Neuroscience ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2023-05-22 , DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00245
Digambar Kumar Waiker 1 , Akash Verma 1 , Akhilesh 1 , Gajendra T A 1 , Namrata Singh 2 , Anima Roy 2 , Hagera Dilnashin 3 , Vinod Tiwari 1 , Surendra Kumar Trigun 2 , Surya P Singh 3 , Sairam Krishnamurthy 1 , Prem Lama 4 , Vincent Jo Davisson 5 , Sushant Kumar Shrivastava 1
Affiliation  

Our present work demonstrates the successful design and synthesis of a new class of compounds based upon a multitargeted directed ligand design approach to discover new agents for use in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). All the compounds were tested for their in vitro inhibitory potential against human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE), human butylcholinesterase (hBChE), β-secretase-1 (hBACE-1), and amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation. Compounds 5d and 5f have shown hAChE and hBACE-1 inhibition comparable to donepezil, while hBChE inhibition was comparable to rivastigmine. Compounds 5d and 5f also demonstrated a significant reduction in the formation of Aβ aggregates through the thioflavin T assay and confocal, atomic force, and scanning electron microscopy studies and significantly displaced the total propidium iodide, that is, 54 and 51% at 50 μM concentrations, respectively. Compounds 5d and 5f were devoid of neurotoxic liabilities against RA/BDNF (RA = retinoic acid; BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor)-differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines at 10–80 μM concentrations. In both the scopolamine- and Aβ-induced mouse models for AD, compounds 5d and 5f demonstrated significant restoration of learning and memory behaviors. A series of ex vivo studies of hippocampal and cortex brain homogenates showed that 5d and 5f elicit decreases in AChE, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide levels, an increase in glutathione level, and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA. The histopathological examination of mice revealed normal neuronal appearance in the hippocampal and cortex regions of the brain. Western blot analysis of the same tissue indicated a reduction in Aβ, amyloid precursor protein (APP)/Aβ, BACE-1, and tau protein levels, which were non-significant compared to the sham group. The immunohistochemical analysis also showed significantly lower expression of BACE-1 and Aβ levels, which was comparable to donepezil-treated group. Compounds 5d and 5f represent new lead candidates for developing AD therapeutics.

中文翻译:

5-Phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiol 的哌嗪和 N-苄基哌啶杂化物的设计、合成和生物学评价作为阿尔茨海默病治疗的潜在多靶点配体

我们目前的工作展示了基于多目标定向配体设计方法成功设计和合成一类新化合物,以发现用于阿尔茨海默氏病 (AD) 的新药物。测试了所有化合物对人乙酰胆碱酯酶 (hAChE)、人丁基胆碱酯酶 (hBChE)、β-分泌酶-1 (hBACE-1) 和淀粉样蛋白 β (Aβ) 聚集的体外抑制潜力。化合物5d5f显示出与多奈哌齐相当的 hAChE 和 hBACE-1 抑制作用,而 hBChE 抑制作用与卡巴拉汀相当。化合物5d5f还证明通过硫黄素 T 测定和共聚焦、原子力和扫描电子显微镜研究显着减少了 Aβ 聚集体的形成,并显着取代了总碘化丙啶,即在 50 μM 浓度下分别为 54% 和 51%。化合物5d5f在 10–80 μM 浓度下对 RA/BDNF(RA = 视黄酸;BDNF = 脑源性神经营养因子)分化的 SH-SY5Y 神经母细胞瘤细胞系没有神经毒性。在东莨菪碱和 Aβ 诱导的 AD 小鼠模型中,化合物5d5f表现出学习和记忆行为的显着恢复。海马和皮质脑匀浆的一系列离体研究表明5d5f引起 AChE、丙二醛和一氧化氮水平降低,谷胱甘肽水平升高,促炎细胞因子、肿瘤坏死因子 α (TNF-α) 和白细胞介素 6 (IL-6) mRNA 水平降低。小鼠的组织病理学检查显示大脑海马和皮质区域的神经元外观正常。同一组织的蛋白质印迹分析表明 Aβ、淀粉样前体蛋白 (APP)/Aβ、BACE-1 和 tau 蛋白水平降低,与假手术组相比无显着差异。免疫组织化学分析还显示 BACE-1 和 Aβ 水平的表达显着降低,这与多奈哌齐治疗组相当。化合物5d5f代表开发 AD 疗法的新的主要候选人。
更新日期:2023-05-22
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