Any real physical process that produces entropy, dissipates energy as heat, or generates mechanical work must do so on a finite timescale. Recently derived thermodynamic speed limits place bounds on these observables using intrinsic timescales of the process. Here, we derive relationships for the thermodynamic speeds for any composite stochastic observable in terms of the timescales of its individual components. From these speed limits, we find bounds on thermal efficiency of stochastic processes exchanging energy as heat and work and bound the rate of entropy change in a system with entropy production and flow. Using the time set by an external clock, we find bounds on the first time to reach any value for the entropy production. As an illustration, we compute these bounds for Brownian particles diffusing in space subject to a constant-temperature heat bath and a time-dependent external force.

中文翻译：

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随机热力学可观测时间尺度之间的关系

任何产生熵、以热能形式耗散能量或产生机械功的真实物理过程都必须在有限的时间尺度内进行。最近得出的热力学速度限制使用过程的固有时间尺度对这些可观察量设置了界限。在这里，我们根据其各个组件的时间尺度推导出任何复合随机可观察的热力学速度的关系。从这些速度限制中，我们找到了以热和功形式交换能量的随机过程的热效率的界限，并限制了具有熵产生和流动的系统中的熵变率。使用外部时钟设置的时间，我们找到了第一次达到熵产生的任何值的界限。作为例证，