With the emerging requirement for clean renewable energy and storage system, the advancement of ecofriendly, low-cost, highly active electrode materials has expanded. Biomass, as a natural abundant, renewable source with diverse structure serves as an alternative sustainable source. Recent studies demonstrated that various applications of biomass-derived carbon materials are currently prevailing in electrocatalysis and energy storage and conversion system due to their tunable structure, multiple porosity and rich surface chemistry. Here, in this review, we primarily focus on the principal synthetic strategies of biomass-derived carbon including pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, chemical vapor deposition, molten salt carbonization, template method along with the assist of microwave and ultrasonication approach. Then, this review strives to highlight the recent development of various dimensions of biomass-derived carbon nanostructure ranging from zero-dimensional carbon dots, one-dimensional carbon nanotubes/fibers/wires, two-dimensional carbon nanosheets to three-dimensional hierarchical carbon in view of pore size and surface area. We also summarize the primary application of biomass-based carbon nanostructure in versatile electrocatalysis, various kinds of secondary batteries, supercapacitors, and other energy related storage fields. Finally, challenges in the development of biomass-based carbon and the large-scale production in industrial fields are addressed.

随着对清洁可再生能源和存储系统的新兴需求，环保、低成本、高活性电极材料的发展得到了扩展。生物质作为一种天然丰富的可再生资源，具有多种结构，是一种替代的可持续资源。最近的研究表明，由于生物质衍生的碳材料具有可调结构、多重孔隙率和丰富的表面化学性质，目前在电催化和能量储存和转换系统中的各种应用非常普遍。在这里，在这篇综述中，我们主要关注生物质衍生碳的主要合成策略，包括热解、水热碳化、化学气相沉积、熔盐碳化、模板法以及微波和超声方法的辅助。然后，本综述着重强调生物质衍生碳纳米结构的各个维度的最新发展，从零维碳点、一维碳纳米管/纤维/线、二维碳纳米片到孔隙的三维分级碳大小和表面积。我们还总结了基于生物质的碳纳米结构在多功能电催化、各种二次电池、超级电容器和其他能源相关存储领域的主要应用。最后，解决了生物质基碳的发展和工业领域大规模生产的挑战。考虑到孔径和表面积，二维碳纳米片到三维分级碳。我们还总结了基于生物质的碳纳米结构在多功能电催化、各种二次电池、超级电容器和其他能源相关存储领域的主要应用。最后，解决了生物质基碳的发展和工业领域大规模生产的挑战。考虑到孔径和表面积，二维碳纳米片到三维分级碳。我们还总结了基于生物质的碳纳米结构在多功能电催化、各种二次电池、超级电容器和其他能源相关存储领域的主要应用。最后，解决了生物质基碳的发展和工业领域大规模生产的挑战。