By fully accounting for the distinct tariff regimes levied on imported meat, we estimate substitution elasticities of Japan's two-stage import aggregation functions for beef, chicken and pork. Although the regression analysis crucially depends on the price that consumers face, the post-tariff price of imported meat depends not only on ad valorem duties but also on tariff rate quotas and gate price system regimes. The effective tariff rate is consequently evaluated by utilising monthly transaction data. To address potential endogeneity problems, we apply exchange rates that we believe to be independent of the demand shocks for imported meat. The panel nature of the data allows us to retrieve the first-stage aggregates via time dummy variables, free of demand shocks, to be used as part of the explanatory variable and as an instrument in the second-stage regression.

中文翻译：

---

关于估计日本肉类进口的阿明顿弹性

通过充分考虑对进口肉类征收的不同关税制度，我们估计了日本牛肉、鸡肉和猪肉两阶段进口聚合函数的替代弹性。尽管回归分析主要取决于消费者面临的价格，但进口肉类的关税后价格不仅取决于从价税，还取决于关税配额和门禁价格制度。因此，有效关税率是通过利用每月交易数据来评估的。为了解决潜在的内生性问题，我们采用了我们认为独立于进口肉类需求冲击的汇率。数据的面板性质使我们能够通过时间虚拟变量检索第一阶段的总量，不受需求冲击，将其用作解释变量的一部分和第二阶段回归的工具。