We offer a general framework for theorizing about the structure of knowledge and belief in terms of the comparative normality of situations compatible with one’s evidence. The guiding idea is that, if a possibility is sufficiently less normal than one’s actual situation, then one can know that that possibility does not obtain. This explains how people can have inductive knowledge that goes beyond what is strictly entailed by their evidence. We motivate the framework by showing how it illuminates knowledge about the future, knowledge of lawful regularities, knowledge about parameters measured using imperfect instruments, the connection between knowledge, belief, and probability, and the dynamics of knowledge and belief in response to new evidence.

中文翻译：

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认识论归一化

我们提供了一个通用框架，用于根据与证据相容的情况的比较常态来理论化知识和信念的结构。指导思想是，如果一种可能性比一个人的实际情况更不正常，那么一个人就可以知道这种可能性不存在。这解释了人们如何能够拥有超越其证据所严格包含的归纳知识。我们通过展示它如何阐明关于未来的知识、关于合法规律的知识、关于使用不完美仪器测量的参数的知识、知识、信念和概率之间的联系，以及知识和信念对新证据的反应的动态来推动该框架。