The growth in world population, climate change, and resource scarcity necessitate a sustainable increase in crop productivity. Photosynthesis in major crops is limited by the inefficiency of the key CO₂-fixing enzyme Rubisco, owing to its low carboxylation rate and poor ability to discriminate between CO₂ and O₂. In cyanobacteria and proteobacteria, carboxysomes function as the central CO₂-fixing organelles that elevate CO₂ levels around encapsulated Rubisco to enhance carboxylation. There is growing interest in engineering carboxysomes into crop chloroplasts as a potential route for improving photosynthesis and crop yields. Here, we generate morphologically correct carboxysomes in tobacco chloroplasts by transforming nine carboxysome genetic components derived from a proteobacterium. The chloroplast-expressed carboxysomes display a structural and functional integrity comparable to native carboxysomes and support autotrophic growth and photosynthesis of the transplastomic plants at elevated CO₂. Our study provides proof-of-concept for a route to engineering fully functional CO₂-fixing modules and entire CO₂-concentrating mechanisms into chloroplasts to improve crop photosynthesis and productivity.

世界人口的增长、气候变化和资源稀缺需要持续提高作物生产力。_{主要作物的光合作用受到关键 CO 2}固定酶 Rubisco低效率的限制，因为它的羧化率低且区分 CO ₂和 O ₂的能力差。在蓝藻和变形菌中，羧基体作为中央 CO ₂固定细胞器发挥作用，可提高 CO ₂在封装的 Rubisco 周围水平以增强羧化作用。人们越来越关注将羧基体工程化到作物叶绿体中作为提高光合作用和作物产量的潜在途径。在这里，我们通过转化来自变形菌的九种羧基体遗传成分，在烟草叶绿体中生成形态正确的羧基体。叶绿体表达的羧基体显示出与天然羧基体相当的结构和功能完整性，并支持转质体植物在升高的 CO 2 条件下的自养生长和_光合作用。_{我们的研究为设计全功能 CO 2}固定模块和整个 CO ₂的途径提供了概念验证- 将机制集中到叶绿体中以提高作物光合作用和生产力。