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Coexistence of European hares and Alpine mountain hares in the Alps: what drives the occurrence and frequency of their hybrids?
Journal of Zoology ( IF 1.9 ) Pub Date : 2023-04-24 , DOI: 10.1111/jzo.13067
S. C. Schai‐Braun 1 , S. Schwienbacher 1, 2, 3 , S. Smith 4 , K. Hackländer 1, 5
Journal of Zoology ( IF 1.9 ) Pub Date : 2023-04-24 , DOI: 10.1111/jzo.13067
S. C. Schai‐Braun 1 , S. Schwienbacher 1, 2, 3 , S. Smith 4 , K. Hackländer 1, 5
Affiliation
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As a glacial relict species, mountain hares are adapted to cold and snowy conditions. Conversely, European hares originate from the grasslands of the Middle East and spread from there throughout low-lying agricultural areas of Europe. Mountain hares and European hares generally occur allopatrically, however, sympatry occurs in some areas. In sympatric areas, introgressive hybridisation poses a threat to the Alpine mountain hare by reducing its genetic integrity. Introgressed individuals can be found in both species but are far more frequent in European hares than in mountain hares. The ecology of hybrids is poorly known in these species. To examine the Alpine mountain hare and European hare populations in the Alps with a particular focus on the occurrence and ecology of their hybrids, we performed molecular genetic analysis of hare faecal samples collected in four study areas in the Alps in South Tyrol for three winters and compared habitat associations of the genotyped samples. We recorded 150 individuals (i.e. 14 hybrids, 25 European hares and 111 Alpine mountain hares). Four introgressed individuals were at levels consistent with F2 hybrids, whereas the others showed an older interspecific gene flow. We found that hybrid faeces tended to be at lower elevations compared to those of Alpine mountain hare but at higher elevations than those of the European hare. The frequency of Alpine mountain hares decreased as the proportion of Alpine grassland increased but was positively correlated with the proportion of dwarf shrub heaths. No effect of vegetation type was found for the frequency of European hares and hybrids. Our results support the widely raised concerns that the European hare, as a generalist, is a strong competitor with the Alpine mountain hare in the Alpine ecosystem in the time of global climate change.
中文翻译：
欧洲野兔和阿尔卑斯山野兔在阿尔卑斯山的共存：是什么驱动了它们杂交的出现和频率？
作为冰川遗迹物种，山兔适应寒冷和多雪的环境。相反，欧洲野兔起源于中东草原，并从那里传播到欧洲低洼农业地区。山兔和欧洲野兔通常异域分布，但在某些地区也存在同域分布。在同域地区，渐渗杂交通过降低阿尔卑斯山野兔的遗传完整性对其构成威胁。这两个物种中都可以发现渗入个体，但在欧洲野兔中比在山野兔中更为常见。这些物种的杂交生态学人们知之甚少。研究阿尔卑斯山的高山野兔和欧洲野兔种群，特别关注其杂交种的发生和生态，我们对南蒂罗尔阿尔卑斯山四个研究区三个冬天收集的野兔粪便样本进行了分子遗传学分析，并比较了基因分型样本的栖息地关联性。我们记录了 150 只个体（即 14 只杂交野兔、25 只欧洲野兔和 111 只阿尔卑斯山野兔）。四个渗入个体的水平与 F2 杂种一致，而其他个体则显示出较旧的种间基因流。我们发现，与阿尔卑斯山野兔相比，杂交粪便的海拔往往较低，但比欧洲野兔的海拔较高。高山山野兔的出现频率随着高山草原比例的增加而降低，但与矮灌木石南比例呈正相关。没有发现植被类型对欧洲野兔和杂交种的出现频率有影响。
更新日期：2023-04-24
中文翻译：
欧洲野兔和阿尔卑斯山野兔在阿尔卑斯山的共存：是什么驱动了它们杂交的出现和频率？
作为冰川遗迹物种，山兔适应寒冷和多雪的环境。相反，欧洲野兔起源于中东草原，并从那里传播到欧洲低洼农业地区。山兔和欧洲野兔通常异域分布，但在某些地区也存在同域分布。在同域地区，渐渗杂交通过降低阿尔卑斯山野兔的遗传完整性对其构成威胁。这两个物种中都可以发现渗入个体，但在欧洲野兔中比在山野兔中更为常见。这些物种的杂交生态学人们知之甚少。研究阿尔卑斯山的高山野兔和欧洲野兔种群，特别关注其杂交种的发生和生态，我们对南蒂罗尔阿尔卑斯山四个研究区三个冬天收集的野兔粪便样本进行了分子遗传学分析，并比较了基因分型样本的栖息地关联性。我们记录了 150 只个体（即 14 只杂交野兔、25 只欧洲野兔和 111 只阿尔卑斯山野兔）。四个渗入个体的水平与 F2 杂种一致，而其他个体则显示出较旧的种间基因流。我们发现，与阿尔卑斯山野兔相比，杂交粪便的海拔往往较低，但比欧洲野兔的海拔较高。高山山野兔的出现频率随着高山草原比例的增加而降低，但与矮灌木石南比例呈正相关。没有发现植被类型对欧洲野兔和杂交种的出现频率有影响。
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