Intestinal Peyer’s Patches: Structure, Function, and In Vitro Modeling,Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

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Intestinal Peyer’s Patches: Structure, Function, and In Vitro Modeling
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine ( IF 4.4 ) Pub Date : 2023-04-20 , DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00543-y
Jung In Park ₁ , Seung Woo Cho ₁ , Joo H Kang ₁ , Tae-Eun Park ₁

Affiliation

Backgound:

Considering the important role of the Peyer’s patches (PPs) in gut immune balance, understanding of the detailed mechanisms that control and regulate the antigens in PPs can facilitate the development of immune therapeutic strategies against the gut inflammatory diseases.

Methods:

In this review, we summarize the unique structure and function of intestinal PPs and current technologies to establish in vitro intestinal PP system focusing on M cell within the follicle-associated epithelium and IgA⁺ B cell models for studying mucosal immune networks. Furthermore, multidisciplinary approaches to establish more physiologically relevant PP model were proposed.

Results:

PPs are surrounded by follicle-associated epithelium containing microfold (M) cells, which serve as special gateways for luminal antigen transport across the gut epithelium. The transported antigens are processed by immune cells within PPs and then, antigen-specific mucosal immune response or mucosal tolerance is initiated, depending on the response of underlying mucosal immune cells. So far, there is no high fidelity (patho)physiological model of PPs; however, there have been several efforts to recapitulate the key steps of mucosal immunity in PPs such as antigen transport through M cells and mucosal IgA responses.

Conclusion:

Current in vitro PP models are not sufficient to recapitulate how mucosal immune system works in PPs. Advanced three-dimensional cell culture technologies would enable to recapitulate the function of PPs, and bridge the gap between animal models and human.

中文翻译：

肠派尔氏集结：结构、功能和体外建模

背景：

考虑到派尔氏集结（PP）在肠道免疫平衡中的重要作用，了解控制和调节 PP 中抗原的详细机制可以促进针对肠道炎症性疾病的免疫治疗策略的开发。

方法：

在这篇综述中，我们总结了肠道PP的独特结构和功能，以及目前建立体外肠道PP系统的技术，重点关注滤泡相关上皮内的M细胞和用于研究粘膜免疫网络的IgA ^{+ B细胞模型。}此外，还提出了建立更具生理相关性的 PP 模型的多学科方法。

结果：

PP 被含有微褶皱 (M) 细胞的滤泡相关上皮包围，微褶皱 (M) 细胞充当腔内抗原跨肠道上皮转运的特殊网关。转运的抗原由 PP 内的免疫细胞处理，然后根据底层粘膜免疫细胞的反应启动抗原特异性粘膜免疫反应或粘膜耐受。到目前为止，还没有高保真度的PPs（病理）生理模型；然而，人们已经做出了一些努力来概括 PP 中粘膜免疫的关键步骤，例如通过 M 细胞的抗原转运和粘膜 IgA 反应。