Chloroacetamide herbicides are widely used around the world due to their high efficiency, resulting in increasing levels of their residues in the environment. Residual chloroacetamides and their metabolites have been frequently detected in soil, water and organisms and shown to have toxic effects on non-target organisms, posing a serious threat to the ecosystem. As such, rapid and efficient techniques that eliminate chloroacetamide residues from the ecosystem are urgently needed. Degradation of these herbicides in the environment mainly occurs through microbial metabolism. Microbial strains such as Acinetobacter baumannii DT, Bacillus altitudinis A16, Pseudomonas aeruginosa JD115, Sphingobium baderi DE-13, Catellibacterium caeni DCA-1, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila JS-1, Klebsiella variicola B2, and Paecilomyces marquandii can effectively degrade chloroacetamide herbicides. The degradation pathway of chloroacetamide herbicides in aerobic bacteria is mainly initiated by an N/C-dealkylation reaction, followed by aromatic ring hydroxylation and cleavage processes, whereas dechlorination is the initial reaction in anaerobic bacteria. The molecular mechanisms associated with bacterial degradation of chloroacetamide herbicides have been explored, with amidase, hydrolase, reductase, ferredoxin and cytochrome P450 oxygenase currently known to play a pivotal role in the catabolic pathways of chloroacetamides. The fungal pathway for the degradation of these herbicides is more complex with more diversified products, and the degradation enzymes and genes involved remain to be discovered. However, there are few reviews specifically summarizing the microbial degrading species and biochemical mechanisms of chloroacetamide herbicides. Here, we briefly summarize the latest progress resulting from research on microbial strain resources and enzymes involved in degradation of these herbicides and their corresponding genes. Furthermore, we explore the biochemical pathways and molecular mechanisms for biodegradation of chloroacetamide herbicides in depth, thereby providing a reference for further research on the bioremediation of such herbicides.

氯乙酰胺除草剂因其高效性而在世界范围内广泛使用，导致其在环境中的残留水平不断增加。残留的氯乙酰胺及其代谢物经常在土壤、水和生物体中检测到，并显示对非目标生物体有毒性作用，对生态系统构成严重威胁。因此，迫切需要从生态系统中消除氯乙酰胺残留的快速有效的技术。这些除草剂在环境中的降解主要通过微生物代谢发生。鲍曼不动杆菌DT、高原芽孢杆菌A16、铜绿假单胞菌JD115、Sphingobium baderi DE-13等微生物菌株，Catellibacterium caeni DCA-1、Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila JS-1、Klebsiella variicola B2 和Paecilomyces marquandii可有效降解氯乙酰胺类除草剂。氯乙酰胺类除草剂在好氧菌中的降解途径主要由N / C-脱烷基反应引发，随后是芳环羟基化和裂解过程，而脱氯是厌氧菌中的起始反应。已经探索了与氯乙酰胺除草剂的细菌降解相关的分子机制，使用酰胺酶、水解酶、还原酶、铁氧还蛋白和细胞色素 P450 加氧酶目前已知在氯乙酰胺的分解代谢途径中起关键作用。这些除草剂的真菌降解途径更加复杂，产品更加多样化，涉及的降解酶和基因仍有待发现。然而，很少有综述专门总结氯乙酰胺类除草剂的微生物降解种类和生化机制。在此，我们简要总结了微生物菌种资源和参与降解这些除草剂的酶及其相关基因研究的最新进展。此外，我们深入探讨了氯乙酰胺类除草剂生物降解的生化途径和分子机制，