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Exposure to tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl) phosphate interferes with sexual differentiation via estrogen receptors 2a and 2b in zebrafish.
Journal of hazardous materials Pub Date : 2022-12-05 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130525
Mengqiao Cui 1 , Xiling Wu 2 , Lei Yuan 2 , Yue Zhai 3 , Xin Liang 2 , Zihan Wang 2 , Jinhua Li 3 , Lichun Xu 2 , Weiyi Song 2
Affiliation  

Tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl) phosphate (TDMPP), an emerging organophosphate flame retardant, is frequently detected in multiple environmental media. Although TDMPP has been proven as a compound with estrogenic activity, its feminizing effects on reproductive system remain unclear. This study investigated the adverse effects of TDMPP on gonadal development by exposing zebrafish for 105 days from 15 days post-fertilization. Exposure to TDMPP (0.5 and 5 μM, corresponding to about 200 and 2000 μg/L) induced ovarian formation in aromatase mutant (cyp19a1a-/-) line which normally presents all-male phenotype for deficiency of endogenous estrogen (E2), suggesting its feminizing effect on sexual differentiation. In addition, TDMPP also interfered with other aspects of reproduction by delaying puberty onset, retarding sexual maturation, impairing gametogenesis and subfertility. Molecular docking and reporter gene assay indicated that all three nuclear estrogen receptors (nERs) can be binded to and activated by TDMPP. Using a series of nERs mutant lines, we confirmed the indispensable role of esr2a and esr2b in mediating the feminizing effects of TDMPP. Further analysis revealed that the prominent effects of TDMPP on sexual differentiation correlated to upregulation of female-promoting genes and downregulation of male-promoting genes. Taken together, the present study provided unequivocal genetic evidence for estrogenic effects of TDMPP on reproductive system and its molecular mechanisms of action.

中文翻译:

暴露于三(2,6-二甲基苯基)磷酸盐会通过斑马鱼中的雌激素受体 2a 和 2b 干扰性别分化。

三(2,6-二甲基苯基)磷酸酯(TDMPP)是一种新兴的有机磷酸酯阻燃剂,经常在多种环境介质中检测到。尽管 TDMPP 已被证明是一种具有雌激素活性的化合物,但其对生殖系统的女性化作用仍不清楚。本研究通过从受精后 15 天起将斑马鱼暴露 105 天来调查 TDMPP 对性腺发育的不利影响。暴露于 TDMPP(0.5 和 5 μM,相当于约 200 和 2000 μg/L)可诱导芳香酶突变体 (cyp19a1a-/-) 系中的卵巢形成,该系通常呈现内源性雌激素 (E2) 缺乏的全雄性表型,表明其女性化对性别分化的影响。此外,TDMPP 还通过延迟青春期开始、延迟性成熟来干扰生殖的其他方面,损害配子发生和生育力低下。分子对接和报告基因分析表明,所有三种核雌激素受体 (nER) 都可以与 TDMPP 结合并被其激活。使用一系列 nERs 突变系,我们证实了 esr2a 和 esr2b 在介导 TDMPP 的女性化作用中不可或缺的作用。进一步分析表明,TDMPP 对性别分化的显着影响与女性促进基因的上调和男性促进基因的下调相关。总之,本研究为 TDMPP 对生殖系统的雌激素作用及其分子作用机制提供了明确的遗传证据。使用一系列 nERs 突变系,我们证实了 esr2a 和 esr2b 在介导 TDMPP 的女性化作用中不可或缺的作用。进一步分析表明,TDMPP 对性别分化的显着影响与女性促进基因的上调和男性促进基因的下调相关。总之,本研究为 TDMPP 对生殖系统的雌激素作用及其分子作用机制提供了明确的遗传证据。使用一系列 nERs 突变系,我们证实了 esr2a 和 esr2b 在介导 TDMPP 的女性化作用中不可或缺的作用。进一步分析表明,TDMPP 对性别分化的显着影响与女性促进基因的上调和男性促进基因的下调相关。总之,本研究为 TDMPP 对生殖系统的雌激素作用及其分子作用机制提供了明确的遗传证据。
更新日期:2022-12-05
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