Intra-individual stability of longitudinal urinary steroid profiles in Swedish athletes,Drug Testing and Analysis

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Intra-individual stability of longitudinal urinary steroid profiles in Swedish athletes
Drug Testing and Analysis ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2023-04-12 , DOI: 10.1002/dta.3479
Lena Ekström ₁ , Dinah Mous ₁ , Vincent Heiland , Emerald G Heiland _{2,

3} , Jenny Schulze ₁

Affiliation

The steroid module of the athlete biological passport (ABP) aims to detect doping with endogenous steroids by longitudinally monitoring epitestosterone (E), testosterone (T), and four metabolically related steroids and their ratios. There are large variations in the urinary levels of the androgen metabolites due to genetic polymorphisms, drug use, menstrual cycle, and other factors. In this study, we aimed to increase our understanding of the natural, within-individual variations of the established ABP markers in males and females over time, looking at samples collected both in and out-of-competition (IC/OOC). Urinary steroid profiles from 323 Swedish athletes, with at least five samples per athlete, were extracted from ADAMS together with information on type of sport, IC/OOC, and time of day. Data were analyzed using coefficient of variation (CV%) to examine within-subject variability and linear mixed effects models to estimate within-subject change in the metabolites over time. The metabolites and ratios expressed higher individual CV% in females (23–56) than in males (18–39). Samples taken OOC showed larger intra-individual variations than samples collected IC for most of the ABP metabolites in both sexes. The median concentrations were higher IC for some metabolites, particularly testosterone being 52% higher among females. Time of day influenced the intra-individual variation of the urinary steroid profile with decreases in androgen metabolites over time, if measured in evening versus daytime. These findings can aid in the testing strategies and interpretation of the steroidal module of ABP.

中文翻译：

瑞典运动员纵向尿类固醇分布的个体内稳定性

运动员生物护照（ABP）的类固醇模块旨在通过纵向监测表睾酮（E）、睾酮（T）和四种代谢相关类固醇及其比例来检测内源性类固醇兴奋剂。由于遗传多态性、药物使用、月经周期和其他因素，尿液中雄激素代谢物的水平存在很大差异。在这项研究中，我们旨在通过观察赛内和赛外 (IC/OOC) 收集的样本，加深对男性和女性中已建立的 ABP 标记随时间的自然、个体内变化的了解。从 ADAMS 中提取了 323 名瑞典运动员的尿液类固醇概况（每位运动员至少有 5 个样本）以及有关运动类型、IC/OOC 和一天中时间的信息。使用变异系数 (CV%) 分析数据以检查受试者内的变异性，并使用线性混合效应模型来估计受试者内代谢物随时间的变化。女性 (23-56) 的代谢物和比率表达的个体 CV% 高于男性 (18-39)。对于两性中的大多数 ABP 代谢物，OOC 采集的样本显示出比 IC 采集的样本更大的个体内差异。某些代谢物的中位 IC 浓度较高，特别是女性睾酮浓度高出 52%。如果在晚上与白天进行测量，一天中的时间会影响尿类固醇分布的个体内变化，随着时间的推移，雄激素代谢物会减少。这些发现有助于 ABP 类固醇模块的测试策略和解释。

更新日期：2023-04-12

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