Starting with a historical account of evolution in Raman spectroscopy, in this review we provide details of the advancements that have pushed detection limits to single molecules and enabled non-invasive molecular characterization of distinct organelles to provide next-generation bioanalytical assays and ultrasensitive molecular and cellular diagnostics. Amidst a growing number of publications in recent years, there is an unmet need for a consolidated review that discusses salient aspects of Raman spectroscopy that are broadly applicable in biosensing ranging from fundamental biology to disease identification and staging, to drug screening and food and agriculture quality control. This review offers a discussion across this range of applications and focuses on the convergent use of Raman spectroscopy, coupling it to bioanalysis, agriculture, and food quality control, which can affect human life through biomedical research, drug discovery, and disease diagnostics. We also highlight how the potent combination of advanced spectroscopy and machine-learning algorithms can further advance Raman data analysis, leading to the emergence of an optical Omics discipline, coined “Ramanomics.” Finally, we present our perspectives on future needs and opportunities.

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生物医学研究拉曼光谱和成像的进展

从拉曼光谱进化的历史记录开始，在这篇综述中，我们提供了一些进展的详细信息，这些进展将检测极限推向了单分子，并使不同细胞器的非侵入性分子表征成为可能，从而提供下一代生物分析测定和超灵敏的分子和细胞诊断。近年来出版物数量不断增加，对拉曼光谱的综合综述的需求尚未得到满足，该综述讨论了广泛适用于生物传感的拉曼光谱，从基础生物学到疾病识别和分期，再到药物筛选以及粮食和农业质量控制。这篇综述对这一系列的应用进行了讨论，重点关注拉曼光谱的融合使用，将其与生物分析、农业、食品质量控制，可以通过生物医学研究、药物发现和疾病诊断影响人类生活。我们还强调了先进光谱学和机器学习算法的有效结合如何进一步推进拉曼数据分析，从而导致光学组学学科的出现，即“拉曼经济学”。最后，我们提出了对未来需求和机遇的看法。