Context

The morphologies of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and 1,4-dinitroimidazole (1,4-DNI) co-crystal under vacuum or solvent at different temperatures were predicted. The CL-20/1,4-DNI co-crystal has six important growth crystal planes: (002), (011), (101), (11‒1), (110), (111). The areas of (002), (101), and (011) planes account for a relatively large proportion, which are important crystal planes that affect the crystal morphology. The crystal habits at different temperatures were simulated. The simulation results showed that the crystal plane attachment energy of CL-20 and 1,4-DNI co-crystal increases with the increase of temperature, indicating that the increase of temperature is conducive to the growth of crystal planes. The aspect ratio decreases with the increase of temperature and the morphology of co-crystal becomes more spherical at a higher temperature. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the experiment. The simulation results can provide guidance for the crystallization of CL-20/1,4-DNI to obtain a nearly spherical crystal morphology.

Methods

The CL-20/1,4-DNI unit cell structure was geometrically optimized by the COMPASS force field. The AE model was used to predict the morphology of CL-20/1,4-DNI under vacuum, resulting in the most morphologically important growth planes. Ethyl acetate was selected as the solvent. The interaction energy between the solvent and the crystal plane, and the attachment energies in solvent at 298 K, 320 K, 340 K, 360 K, and 380 K were predicted. The NVT ensemble is used in the molecular dynamics calculation process. The simulation step is 1 fs and the total simulation time is 500 ps. The Andersen thermostat is selected as the temperature control method. In the potential energy calculation, the atom-based and Ewald methods were selected to calculate the van der Waals force and the electrostatic interaction force, respectively.

Graphical Abstract