We investigate how the receipt and amount of domestic or international transfers influences household decisions regarding farm investment and the selection of capital and labour-intensive crops. We argue that, even though recipient households may use additional income to increase agricultural investment, investment can fall in the short run if labour constraints arising from the migrant member's absence are binding and capital accumulation is suboptimal. Employing a set of endogenous treatment estimates, we test this hypothesis on data from 5636 rural households in Pakistan. Our findings show a substantial difference between recipient and non-recipient households in terms of their economic behaviour. Recipient households make 100% less agricultural investment and generate 82% less production compared to non-recipient households. The estimates are found to be robust when tested with alternate empirical techniques (Heckman Selection and matching). The impact is stronger in the case of households that receive domestic transfers, with 100% less farm investment and 77% less production than non-recipient households. Remittances result in a decrease in production of both capital- and labour-intensive crops, reflecting a decline in overall farm activity. Similar farm investment and cropping patterns are observed relative to the amount of remittances received. The results are robust to different model specifications and estimation procedures.

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移民汇款、农业投资和种植模式

我们调查国内或国际转移的收入和金额如何影响家庭有关农业投资以及资本和劳动密集型作物选择的决策。我们认为，即使受援家庭可以利用额外收入来增加农业投资，但如果因农民工缺席而产生的劳动力限制具有约束力且资本积累不理想，那么投资在短期内可能会下降。我们采用一组内生治疗估计，用来自巴基斯坦 5636 个农村家庭的数据检验了这一假设。我们的研究结果表明，受助家庭和非受助家庭在经济行为方面存在显着差异。与非受援家庭相比，受援家庭的农业投资减少了 100%，产出减少了 82%。当使用替代经验技术（赫克曼选择和匹配）进行测试时，发现估计值是稳健的。接受国内转移支付的家庭受到的影响更大，与非接受转移支付的家庭相比，其农业投资减少了 100%，产量减少了 77%。汇款导致资本密集型和劳动密集型作物的产量下降，反映出整体农业活动的下降。相对于收到的汇款金额，观察到类似的农业投资和种植模式。结果对于不同的模型规范和估计程序是稳健的。与非受援家庭相比，农业投资减少 100%，产量减少 77%。汇款导致资本密集型和劳动密集型作物的产量下降，反映出整体农业活动的下降。相对于收到的汇款金额，观察到类似的农业投资和种植模式。结果对于不同的模型规范和估计程序是稳健的。与非受援家庭相比，农业投资减少 100%，产量减少 77%。汇款导致资本密集型和劳动密集型作物的产量下降，反映出整体农业活动的下降。相对于收到的汇款金额，观察到类似的农业投资和种植模式。结果对于不同的模型规范和估计程序是稳健的。