Stable electrical modulation of plasmonic nanolasers is achieved on a hybrid graphene–insulator–metal (GIM) platform at room temperature. To support surface plasmon polariton (SPP) resonance, a zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire is placed on the GIM platform to create a plasmonic cavity with a compact mode volume of 2.6 × 10^–2 λ³, and the graphene layer is used as a transparent electrode for electrical modulation. When a gate voltage is applied, the surface electron density of Al varied, which results in the shifting of its plasma frequency and thus affects its SPP dispersion. In particular, this variation strongly changes the internal loss of the SPP mode; thus, the lasing thresholds of the ZnO nanowire plasmonic nanolasers on the GIM platform can be modulated by the gate voltage. This study demonstrates the gate voltage modulation of ZnO nanowire plasmonic nanolasers on a GIM platform at room temperature. These nanolasers can exhibit ultrahigh modulation speed on the order of terahertz. Accordingly, plasmonic nanolasers with gate voltage modulation have high potential for plasmonic circuit applications with high operation speed and versatility.

中文翻译：

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等离子体纳米激光器的室温栅极电压调制

等离子体纳米激光器的稳定电调制是在室温下在混合石墨烯-绝缘体-金属 (GIM) 平台上实现的。为了支持表面等离子体激元 (SPP) 共振，将氧化锌 (ZnO) 纳米线放置在 GIM 平台上以创建等离子体腔，其紧凑模式体积为 2.6 × 10 ^–2 λ ³，石墨烯层用作电调制的透明电极。当施加栅极电压时，Al 的表面电子密度发生变化，导致其等离子体频率发生偏移，从而影响其 SPP 色散。特别是，这种变化强烈改变了 SPP 模式的内部损失；因此，GIM 平台上 ZnO 纳米线等离子体纳米激光器的激光阈值可以通过栅极电压进行调制。本研究展示了室温下 GIM 平台上 ZnO 纳米线等离子体纳米激光器的栅极电压调制。这些纳米激光器可以表现出太赫兹量级的超高调制速度。因此，具有栅极电压调制的等离子体纳米激光器在具有高操作速度和多功能性的等离子体电路应用中具有很高的潜力。