Elastic-material-based triboelectric nanogenerators (EMB-TENGs) are most effective to harvest random (low frequency, low amplitude) and distributed mechanical energy. However, the low output of EMB-TENGs caused by drastic charge attenuation and low sensitivity limits its applications. Here, we propose a gradient nano-doping strategy to boost the charge density and sensitivity of triboelectric sponge materials via the gradient electrical field caused by the inhomogeneous concentration field of polytetrafluoroethylene nanoparticles. The triboelectric charge density (537 μC·m⁻³) and the peak power density (732.6 mW·m⁻³) is increased by 1.2 times and 1.8 times. A sensitivity of 1.851 kPa⁻¹ is successfully realized at 50% compressive strain. From this, a self-powered smart boxing bag with functions of both the force analysis and real-time counting statistic was developed at the large strain. This work presents a new method for design and development of triboelectric materials, as well as expanding the functionalities and applications of self-powered system combining with the EMB-TENGs.

基于弹性材料的摩擦纳米发电机 (EMB-TENG) 最有效地收集随机（低频、低振幅）和分布式机械能。然而，EMB-TENGs 的剧烈电荷衰减和低灵敏度导致的低输出限制了其应用。在这里，我们提出了一种梯度纳米掺杂策略，通过由聚四氟乙烯纳米粒子的不均匀浓度场引起的梯度电场来提高摩擦电海绵材料的电荷密度和灵敏度。摩擦电荷密度(537 μC·m ^-3 )和峰值功率密度(732.6 mW·m ^-3 )增加了1.2倍和1.8倍。灵敏度为 1.851 kPa ⁻¹在 50% 的压缩应变下成功实现。以此为基础，开发了一种在大应变下具有受力分析和实时计数统计功能的自供电智能拳击包。这项工作提出了一种设计和开发摩擦电材料的新方法，并扩展了与 EMB-TENG 相结合的自供电系统的功能和应用。