We use historical census data to show that Sweden exhibited high levels of intergenerational occupational mobility several decades before the rise of the welfare state. Mobility rates were higher than in other nineteenth- and twentieth-century European countries, closer to those observed in the highly mobile nineteenth-century United States. We leverage mobility variation across Swedish municipalities to shed light on potential determinants: economic growth and migration are positively correlated with mobility, consistent with the patterns observed across countries.

中文翻译：

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福利国家之前瑞典的社会流动

我们使用历史人口普查数据表明，瑞典在福利国家兴起之前的几十年就表现出高水平的代际职业流动性。流动率高于 19 世纪和 20 世纪的其他欧洲国家，更接近于 19 世纪高度流动的美国观察到的流动率。我们利用瑞典各城市的流动性差异来阐明潜在的决定因素：经济增长和移民与流动性呈正相关，这与各国观察到的模式一致。