Vanadium oxides with multioxidation states and various crystalline structures offer unique electrical, optical, optoelectronic and magnetic properties, which could be manipulated for various applications. For the past 30 years, significant efforts have been made to study the fundamental science and explore the potential for vanadium oxide materials in ion batteries, water splitting, smart windows, supercapacitors, sensors, and so on. This review focuses on the most recent progress in synthesis methods and applications of some thermodynamically stable and metastable vanadium oxides, including but not limited to V₂O₃, V₃O₅, VO₂, V₃O₇, V₂O₅, V₂O₂, V₆O₁₃, and V₄O₉. We begin with a tutorial on the phase diagram of the V–O system. The second part is a detailed review covering the crystal structure, the synthesis protocols, and the applications of each vanadium oxide, especially in batteries, catalysts, smart windows, and supercapacitors. We conclude with a brief perspective on how material and device improvements can address current deficiencies. This comprehensive review could accelerate the development of novel vanadium oxide structures in related applications.

中文翻译：

---

氧化钒：相图、结构、合成和应用

具有多氧化态和各种晶体结构的钒氧化物具有独特的电学、光学、光电和磁学性质，可用于各种应用。在过去的 30 年里，人们在研究基础科学和探索钒氧化物材料在离子电池、水分解、智能窗户、超级电容器、传感器等方面的潜力方面做出了重大努力。本综述重点介绍了一些热力学稳定和亚稳态钒氧化物的合成方法和应用的最新进展，包括但不限于V 2 _O 3 _、 V ₃ O ₅、VO ₂、V ₃ O ₇、V ₂O ₅、V ₂ O ₂、V ₆ O ₁₃和V ₄ O ₉。我们从有关 V-O 系统相图的教程开始。第二部分详细介绍了每种钒氧化物的晶体结构、合成方案和应用，尤其是在电池、催化剂、智能窗和超级电容器中的应用。最后，我们简要介绍了材料和设备改进如何解决当前的缺陷。这篇综合综述可以加速相关应用中新型钒氧化物结构的开发。