黑钙土/黑钙土是重要的农业资源,几千年来一直被大量使用。然而,他们的起源和年龄仍然存在争议。在欧洲,分布最西部的黑钙土/黑土岩地区位于德国中部。与具有人为黑钙土/黑钙土的德国其他地区相比,它们的自然起源被认为与强烈的生物扰动有关。然而,放射性碳不适合解码黑钙土/褐土岩的形成,因此该假设仍未得到检验,而单粒发光测年允许区分不同的土壤子过程和形成阶段。我们将单粒长石发光应用于德国中部黑钙土,该黑钙土在青铜时代被掩埋,随后受到保护免受成土过程。首次,我们可以通过测定生物扰动作为主要土壤形成过程的年代,直接确定中欧黑钙土/黑土岩形成的时间和速率。因此,黑钙土/黑土岩的形成最迟在新石器时代定居之前的全新世早期开始,表明德国中部黑钙土/黑土岩的自然起源,当区域气候变得更加潮湿时,黑土岩/黑土岩的形成在 6-5 ka 左右停止。我们的有效土壤改造率表明,黑钙土/黑土岩中的蚯蚓生物扰动比蚂蚁主导的生物扰动更强烈,但明显低于沙蚕或耕作的生物扰动。后一种效应允许识别古土壤中的史前耕作。Chernozem/Phaeozem 的形成最迟在新石器时代定居之前的全新世早期开始,表明德国中部黑钙土/Phaeozems 的自然起源,当区域气候变得更加潮湿时,Chernozem/Phaeozem 的形成在 6-5 ka 左右停止。我们的有效土壤改造率表明,黑钙土/黑土岩中的蚯蚓生物扰动比蚂蚁主导的生物扰动更强烈,但明显低于沙蚕或耕作的生物扰动。后一种效应允许识别古土壤中的史前耕作。Chernozem/Phaeozem 的形成最迟在新石器时代定居之前的全新世早期开始,表明德国中部黑钙土/Phaeozems 的自然起源,当区域气候变得更加潮湿时,Chernozem/Phaeozem 的形成在 6-5 ka 左右停止。我们的有效土壤改造率表明,黑钙土/黑土岩中的蚯蚓生物扰动比蚂蚁主导的生物扰动更强烈,但明显低于沙蚕或耕作的生物扰动。后一种效应允许识别古土壤中的史前耕作。我们的有效土壤改造率表明,黑钙土/黑土岩中的蚯蚓生物扰动比蚂蚁主导的生物扰动更强烈,但明显低于沙蚕或耕作的生物扰动。后一种效应允许识别古土壤中的史前耕作。我们的有效土壤改造率表明,黑钙土/黑土岩中的蚯蚓生物扰动比蚂蚁主导的生物扰动更强烈,但明显低于沙蚕或耕作的生物扰动。后一种效应允许识别古土壤中的史前耕作。
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Deciphering timing and rates of Central German Chernozem/Phaeozem formation through high resolution single-grain luminescence dating
Chernozems/Phaeozems are important agricultural resources and have been intensively used for millennia. However, their origin and age are still controversial. In Europe, the westernmost widespread Chernozem/Phaeozem area is located in Central Germany. In contrast to other German regions with anthropogenic Chernozems/Phaeozems, their natural origin is suggested in connection with intensive bioturbation. Yet, radiocarbon is unsuitable for decoding Chernozem/Phaeozem formation so this hypothesis remains untested, whereas single-grain luminescence dating allows to discriminate between different soil sub-processes and formation phases. We applied single-grain feldspar luminescence to a Central German Chernozem that was buried during the Bronze Age and subsequently protected from pedogenic processes. For the first time, we could directly determine timing and rate of Chernozem/Phaeozem formation in Central Europe by dating bioturbation as the dominant soil forming process. Accordingly, Chernozem/Phaeozem formation started at the latest in the Early Holocene prior to Neolithic settlement indicating a natural origin of Central German Chernozems/Phaeozems, and Chernozem/Phaeozem formation ceased around 6–5 ka when the regional climate became more humid. Our effective soil reworking rates show that earthworm bioturbation in Chernozems/Phaeozems is more intense than ant-dominated bioturbation, but significantly less intense than bioturbation by lugworms or ploughing. The latter effect allows to identify prehistoric ploughing in paleosols.