Primordial black holes are under intense scrutiny since the detection of gravitational waves from mergers of Solar-mass black holes in 2015. More recently, the development of numerical tools and the precision observational data have rekindled the effort to constrain the black hole abundance in the lower mass range, that is $M<10^{23}$g. In particular, primordial black holes of asteroid mass $M\sim 10^{17}$–$10^{23}$g may represent 100% of dark matter. While the microlensing and stellar disruption constraints on their abundance are weaker than originally proposed, Hawking radiation of these black holes seems to be the primary method for detecting or constraining such black holes. Hawking radiation constraints on primordial black holes date back to the first papers by Hawking. Black holes evaporating in the early universe may have generated the baryon asymmetry, modified Big Bang nucleosynthesis, distorted the cosmic microwave background and/or produced cosmological backgrounds of stable particles such as photons and neutrinos. At the end of their lifetime, exploding primordial black holes would produce high energy cosmic rays that would provide invaluable access to the physics at energies up to the Planck scale. In this review, we describe the main principles of Hawking radiation, which lie at the intersection of general relativity, quantum mechanics and statistical physics/thermodynamics. We then present an up-to-date status of the different constraints on primordial black holes that rely on the evaporation phenomenon, and give, where relevant, prospects for future work. In particular, we also discuss non-standard black holes and the emission of Beyond the Standard Model degrees of freedom.

自 2015 年探测到太阳质量黑洞并合产生的引力波以来，太古黑洞一直受到密切关注。最近，数值工具的发展和精确观测数据重新点燃了限制低层黑洞丰度的努力。质量范围，即$米<\mathrm{1个}{0}^{23}$G。特别是小行星质量的原始黑洞$米~\mathrm{1个}{0}^{17}$–$\mathrm{1个}{0}^{23}$g可能代表100%的暗物质。虽然微透镜和恒星干扰对其丰度的限制比最初提出的要弱，但这些黑洞的霍金辐射似乎是检测或限制此类黑洞的主要方法。霍金对原初黑洞的辐射约束可以追溯到霍金的第一篇论文。早期宇宙中蒸发的黑洞可能产生了重子不对称性，改变了大爆炸核合成，扭曲了宇宙微波背景和/或产生了光子和中微子等稳定粒子的宇宙学背景。在它们生命的尽头，爆炸的原始黑洞会产生高能宇宙射线这将为达到普朗克尺度的能量提供宝贵的物理学途径。在这篇综述中，我们描述了霍金辐射的主要原理，这些原理位于广义相对论、量子力学和统计物理学/热力学的交叉点。然后，我们介绍了依赖于蒸发现象的原始黑洞的不同约束的最新状态，并在相关的地方给出了未来工作的前景。特别是，我们还讨论了非标准黑洞和超越标准模型自由度的发射。