The co-combustion characteristics of furfural residue (FR) and oil shale (OS) were investigated in a thermogravimetric analyzer under different heating rate (10, 30, 50 °C/min) and mixing ratio (1:0; 3:1; 1:1; 1:3; 0:1). The effects of synergy was estimated by using the interaction coefficient, and the kinetics were looked at using the Coats-Redfern method in the co-combustion of furfural residue (FR) and oil shale (OS). To obtain the maximum the flammability index (C) and comprehensive combustion characteristic index (CCI), and minimum activation energy (E_m), the response surface method (RSM) was employed to find the best mixing ratio and heating rate. The ignition temperature (T1) and burnout temperature (T2) went down as the FR mixing ratio went up, but the fuel’s highest burning rate (R_max), the average burn rate (Ra), C, and CCI of mixed samples went up as the FR mixing ratio went up. The sample’s T1, T2, R_max, Ra, C, and CCI all went up as the heating rate went up. As the rate of heating went up, E of combustion went down. E of mixed fuel combustion was lower than E of FR combustion alone, which showed that there were interactions in the mixed combustion. The effects of this synergy were clearer when the temperature was higher. According to the model optimization, the optimal conditions were obtained.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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糠醛渣废弃物与油页岩共燃：特性、协同效应、动力学和优化分析

在热重分析仪上研究了糠醛渣油（FR）和油页岩（OS）在不同升温速率（10、30、50℃/min）和混合比（1:0；3:1； 1:1；1:3；0:1）。通过使用相互作用系数估算协同作用的影响，并使用 Coats-Redfern 方法研究糠醛残渣 (FR) 和油页岩 (OS) 共燃烧的动力学。得到最大可燃性指数（C）和综合燃烧特性指数（CCI），最小活化能（E _m), 采用响应面法 (RSM) 寻找最佳混合比和加热速率。随着FR混合比的增加，着火温度(T1)和燃尽温度(T2)下降，但混合样品的燃料最高燃烧率( R _max )、平均燃烧率(Ra)、C和CCI上升随着 FR 混合比的上升。样品的 T1、T2、R _max、Ra、C 和 CCI 都随着加热速率的升高而升高。随着加热速率上升，燃烧E下降。混合燃料燃烧的E低于E单独的 FR 燃烧，这表明在混合燃烧中存在相互作用。当温度较高时，这种协同作用的效果更为明显。根据模型优化，得到最优条件。

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