OBJECTIVE White and non-White adolescents report different experiences in the legal system. This disparity impacts their evaluations of, and attitudes toward, legal authorities such that non-White and older adolescents tend to perceive the legal system more negatively. Yet, many researchers assume that the process of legal socialization, which involves internalizing norms and information about the law and the legal system, is universal for all ages and races. HYPOTHESES We hypothesized that legal socialization models would change over the course of adolescent development and would differ by race. METHOD We used data from two longitudinal studies to examine racial differences in the integrated legal socialization model in early, middle, and late adolescence. Study 1 included 140 young adolescents (59% White, 41% non-White), and Study 2 included 296 midadolescents (82% White, 18% non-White) followed into late adolescence/emerging adulthood. RESULTS Study 1 identified differences in the integrated legal socialization model for young White and non-White adolescents. Normative status predicted rule-violating behavior for White participants, whereas no predictors or mediators related to rule-violating behavior for non-White participants. In Study 2, legal and moral reasoning during midadolescence became relevant in the model for both groups. Enforcement status predicted rule-violating behavior for non-White youth, whereas normative status continued to predict rule-violating behavior for White youth. In late adolescence/emerging adulthood, differences in the model shifted toward the relation between reasoning and legal attitudes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that legal socialization is a developmental process occurring and changing throughout adolescence and that this developmental process differs for White and non-White youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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青春期和新兴成年期法律社会化模式的种族差异。

目标 白人和非白人青少年报告了在法律体系中的不同经历。这种差异影响了他们对法律权威的评价和态度，因此非白人和年龄较大的青少年往往对法律制度持更负面的看法。然而，许多研究人员认为，法律社会化过程涉及将有关法律和法律制度的规范和信息内化，对所有年龄和种族来说都是普遍的。假设 我们假设法律社会化模式会随着青少年发展的过程而改变，并且会因种族而异。方法 我们使用来自两项纵向研究的数据来检查青春期早期、中期和晚期综合法律社会化模型中的种族差异。研究 1 包括 140 名青少年（59% 是白人，41% 是非白人），研究 2 包括 296 名青春期中期的人（82% 是白人，18% 是非白人）随后进入青春期后期/即将步入成年期。结果 研究 1 确定了年轻白人和非白人青少年在综合法律社会化模式中的差异。规范状态预测了白人参与者的违反规则行为，而没有与非白人参与者的违反规则行为相关的预测因子或中介。在研究 2 中，青春期中期的法律和道德推理在两个群体的模型中变得相关。执法状态预测非白人青年的违规行为，而规范状态继续预测白人青年的违规行为。在青春期晚期/成年初期，模型的差异转向推理和法律态度之间的关系。结论 我们的研究结果表明，合法社会化是一个在整个青春期发生和变化的发展过程，并且这一发展过程对于白人和非白人青年是不同的。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。