Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2023-03-13 , DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-00981-8 Cassandra D Smith 1 , Michelle L Hladik 2 , Kathryn M Kuivila 3 , Ian R Waite 1
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Naled, an organophosphate insecticide, is applied aerially at ultra-low volumes over aquatic ecosystems near Sacramento, California, USA, during summer months for mosquito control. Two ecosystem types (rice fields and a flowing canal) were sampled in 2020 and 2021. Naled and its primary degradation product (dichlorvos) were measured in water, biofilm, grazer macroinvertebrates, and omnivore/predator macroinvertebrates (predominantly crayfish). Maximum naled and dichlorvos concentrations detected in water samples one day after naled application were 287.3 and 5647.5 ng/L, respectively, which were above the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s aquatic life benchmarks for invertebrates. Neither compound was detected in water more than one day after the application. Dichlorvos, but not naled, was detected in composite crayfish samples up to 10 days after the last aerial application. Detections in water from the canal showed that the compounds were transported downstream of the target application area. Factors such as vector control flight paths, dilution, and transport through air and water likely affected concentrations of naled and dichlorvos in water and organisms from these aquatic ecosystems.
Graphical Abstract
中文翻译：
空中超低剂量喷洒蚊虫后，水生生态系统中的二溴氰菊酯及其主要降解产物（敌敌畏）的现场评估
Naled 是一种有机磷酸酯杀虫剂，在夏季以超低剂量喷洒在美国加利福尼亚州萨克拉门托附近的水生生态系统上以控制蚊子。2020 年和 2021 年对两种生态系统类型（稻田和流动的运河）进行了采样。在水、生物膜、食草动物大型无脊椎动物和杂食动物/捕食大型无脊椎动物（主要是小龙虾）中测量了 Naled 及其主要降解产物（敌敌畏）。使用二氯化萘一天后，在水样中检测到的二氯化萘和敌敌畏的最大浓度分别为 287.3 和 5647.5 ng/L，高于美国环境保护署的无脊椎动物水生生物基准。施用后一天以上在水中未检测到这两种化合物。敌敌畏，但不是纳德，在最后一次空中施用后长达 10 天的复合小龙虾样品中检测到。对运河水中的检测表明，这些化合物被输送到目标应用区域的下游。病媒控制飞行路径、稀释以及通过空气和水的运输等因素可能会影响水中和这些水生生态系统中生物体中的二萘萘和敌敌畏的浓度。
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