We review the physics of hyperons and $\Delta$-resonances in dense matter in compact stars. The covariant density functional approach to the equation of state and composition of dense nuclear matter in the mean-field Hartree and Hartree–Fock approximation is presented, with regimes covering cold $\beta$-equilibrated matter, hot and dense matter with and without neutrinos relevant for the description of supernovas and binary neutron star mergers, as well as dilute expanding nuclear matter in collision experiments. We discuss the static properties of compact stars with hyperons and $\Delta$-resonances in light of constraints placed in recent years by the multimessenger astrophysics of compact stars on the compact stars’ masses, radii, and tidal deformabilities. The effects of kaon condensation and strong magnetic fields on the composition of hypernuclear stars are also discussed. The properties of rapidly rotating compact hypernuclear stars are discussed and confronted with the observations of 2.5-2.8 solar mass compact objects in gravitational wave events. We further discuss the cooling of hypernuclear stars, the neutrino emission reactions, hyperonic pairing, and the mass hierarchy in the cooling curves that arises due to the onset of hyperons. The effects of hyperons and $\Delta$-resonances on the equation of state of hot nuclear matter in the dense regime, relevant for the transient astrophysical event and in the dilute regime relevant to the collider physics is discussed. The review closes with a discussion of universal relations among the integral parameters of hot and cold hypernuclear stars and their implications for the analysis of binary neutron star merger events.

我们回顾了超子的物理学和$△$-致密恒星中致密物质的共振。提出了平均场 Hartree 和 Hartree–Fock 近似中稠密核物质的状态方程和组成的协变密度泛函方法，其范围涵盖冷$\beta$- 与超新星和双中子星合并的描述相关的平衡物质、有和没有中微子的热和致密物质，以及碰撞实验中的稀释膨胀核物质。我们讨论了带有超子的致密星的静态特性和$△$- 鉴于近年来致密星的多信使天体物理学对致密星的质量、半径和潮汐变形能力施加的限制而产生的共振。还讨论了介子凝结和强磁场对超核星组成的影响。讨论了快速旋转的致密超核星的性质，并面对引力波事件中 2.5-2.8 个太阳质量致密天体的观测。我们进一步讨论了超核星的冷却、中微子发射反应、高子配对，以及由于超子的出现而出现的冷却曲线中的质量等级。超子的影响和$△$- 讨论了与瞬态天体物理事件相关的致密状态下热核物质状态方程的共振，以及与对撞机物理学相关的稀状态下的共振。评论最后讨论了冷热超核星积分参数之间的普遍关系及其对双中子星合并事件分析的影响。