Crude glycerol (CG) and glycerol pitch (GP) are highly alkaline residues from biodiesel and oleochemical plants, respectively, and have organic content which incurs high disposal cost and poses an environmental threat. Characterization of these residues for composition and properties could provide insight into their quality for proper disposal and can help the biodiesel industry to adopt more sustainable practices, such as reducing waste and improving the efficiency of the production process, hence minimizing the impact of the biodiesel supply chain to the environment. These data also allow the identification and exploration of new ways for their utilization and transformation into highly value-added products. In this study, we evaluated four CG samples (B, C, D, and E) and two GP samples (F and G) obtained from Malaysian palm oil refineries, and the results were compared with pure glycerol (A). Spectroscopic analysis was performed using FTIR, ¹H-, and ¹³C-NMR. All samples had similar density to A (1.26 g/cm³), except for F (1.31 g/cm³), while the density for E and G could not be determined due to their physical states. The pH and viscosity largely varied in the range of 7.26–11.89 and 43–225 cSt, respectively. The glycerol content of CG (B, C, D, and E) was high and consistent (81.7–87.3%) whereas GP F and G had 71.5 and 63.9% glycerol content, respectively. Major contaminants in CG and GP were water and matter organic non-glycerol (MONG), respectively. The water, ash, soap, and salt content were considerably low, which varied from 3.4 to 14.1%, 3.9 to 13.0%, 0.1 to 5.7%, and 4.1 to 9.2% respectively. Thermal analysis of CG and GP exhibited four phases of decomposition attributed to the impurities compared to the single phase in A. All samples had calorific values lower than A (18.1 MJ/kg) between 9.0 and 17.7 MJ/kg. Based on the results, CG and GP have high glycerol content which reveals their potential to be used as feedstock in bioconversion and chemical or thermal treatment while impurities may be removed by pre-treatment if required. As palm oil is one of the main feedstocks for the oleochemical industry, this work underlines the importance of characterization of the residue generated to provide additional data and information on palm-based agricultural industry wastes, minimize the impact of palm oil supply chain on the environment, and explore its potential usage for value-addition.

粗甘油（CG）和甘油沥青（GP）分别是生物柴油和油脂化工厂的高碱性残留物，含有机成分，处理成本高，对环境构成威胁。对这些残留物的成分和性质进行表征可以深入了解其质量以进行适当处置，并可以帮助生物柴油行业采用更可持续的做法，例如减少浪费和提高生产过程的效率，从而最大限度地减少生物柴油供应的影响与环境的链条。这些数据还可以识别和探索其利用和转化为高附加值产品的新方法。在本研究中，我们评估了从马来西亚棕榈油精炼厂获得的四个 CG 样品（B、C、D 和 E）和两个 GP 样品（F 和 G），并将结果与​​纯甘油 (A) 进行了比较。^{使用 FTIR、 1} H-和¹³ C-NMR进行光谱分析。除F（1.31 g/cm ³ ）外，所有样品均具有与A相似的密度（1.26 g/cm ³），而E和G的密度由于其物理状态而无法确定。pH 值和粘度分别在 7.26-11.89 和 43-225 cSt 范围内变化很大。CG（B、C、D 和 E）的甘油含量较高且一致（81.7-87.3%），而 GP F 和 G 的甘油含量分别为 71.5% 和 63.9%。CG和GP中的主要污染物分别是水和有机非甘油（MONG）。水、灰分、肥皂​​和盐含量相当低，分别为3.4%至14.1%、3.9%至13.0%、0.1%至5.7%和4.1%至9.2%。与 A 中的单相相比，CG 和 GP 的热分析显示归因于杂质的四个分解相。所有样品的热值均低于 A (18.1 MJ/kg)，在 9.0 至 17.7 MJ/kg 之间。根据结果​​，CG 和 GP 具有较高的甘油含量，这表明它们具有用作生物转化和化学或热处理原料的潜力，同时如果需要，可以通过预处理去除杂质。由于棕榈油是油脂化学工业的主要原料之一，因此这项工作强调了对所产生的残留物进行表征的重要性，以提供有关基于棕榈的农业工业废物的额外数据和信息，最大限度地减少棕榈油供应链对环境的影响，并探索其增值的潜在用途。