For the first time, from early 2019 to the end of 2022, Mars’ shallow and deep interiors have been explored by seismology with the InSight mission. Thanks to the performances of its seismometers and the quality of their robotic installation on the ground, 1,319 seismic events have been detected, including about 90 marsquakes at teleseismic distances, with Mw from 2.5 to 4.7 and at least 6 impacts, the largest ones with craters larger than 130 m. A large fraction of these marsquakes occur in Cerberus Fossae, demonstrating active regional tectonics. Records of pressure-induced seismic noise and signals from the penetration of a heat flow probe have provided subsurface models below the lander. Deeper direct and secondary body wave phase travel time, receiver function, and surface wave analysis have provided the first interior models of Mars, including crustal thickness and crustal layering, mantle structure, thermal lithospheric thickness, and core radius and state. ▪With InSight's SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure of Mars) experiment and for the first time in planetary exploration, Mars’ internal structure and seismicity are constrained.▪More than 1,300 seismic events and seismic noise records enable the first comparative seismology studies together with Earth and lunar seismic data.▪Inversion of seismic travel times and waveforms provided the first interior model of another terrestrial planet, down to the core.▪Several impacts were also seismically recorded with their craters imaged from orbit, providing the first data on impact dynamic on Mars.

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 火星地震学


从 2019 年初到 2022 年底，地震学首次通过 InSight 任务探索了火星的浅层和深层内部。由于其地震仪的性能和地面机器人安装的质量，已经检测到 1,319 次地震事件，包括大约 90 次远震距离的火星地震，Mw 从 2.5 到 4.7 不等，至少有 6 次撞击，最大的一次撞击坑大于 130 m。这些火星地震中的很大一部分发生在 Cerberus Fossae，表明区域构造活跃。压力引起的地震噪声和热流探针穿透信号的记录提供了着陆器下方的地下模型。更深的直接和次级体波相位传播时间、接收器函数和表面波分析提供了火星的第一个内部模型，包括地壳厚度和地壳分层、地幔结构、热岩石圈厚度以及核心半径和状态。▪在 InSight 的 SEIS（火星内部结构地震实验）实验中，火星的内部结构和地震活动首次受到限制。▪超过 1,300 次地震事件和地震噪声记录使第一次比较地震学研究与地球和月球地震数据相结合。▪地震传播时间和波形的反演提供了另一个类地行星的第一个内部模型。 ▪还记录了几次地震撞击，从轨道上成像了它们的陨石坑，提供了关于火星撞击动力学的第一个数据。