Synapses are essential for the transmission of neural signals. Synaptic plasticity allows for changes in synaptic strength, enabling the brain to learn from experience. With the rapid development of neuromorphic electronics, tremendous efforts have been devoted to designing and fabricating electronic devices that can mimic synapse operating modes. This growing interest in the field will provide unprecedented opportunities for new hardware architectures for artificial intelligence. In this review, we focus on research of three-terminal artificial synapses based on two-dimensional (2D) materials regulated by electrical, optical and mechanical stimulation. In addition, we systematically summarize artificial synapse applications in various sensory systems, including bioplastic bionics, logical transformation, associative learning, image recognition, and multimodal pattern recognition. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives involving integration, power consumption and functionality are outlined.

突触对于神经信号的传输至关重要。突触可塑性允许突触强度发生变化，使大脑能够从经验中学习。随着神经形态电子学的快速发展，人们付出了巨大的努力来设计和制造可以模仿突触操作模式的电子设备。对该领域日益增长的兴趣将为人工智能的新硬件架构提供前所未有的机会。在这篇综述中，我们重点研究了基于受电、光和机械刺激调节的二维 (2D) 材料的三端人工突触。此外，我们系统地总结了人工突触在各种感觉系统中的应用，包括生物塑料仿生学、逻辑变换、联想学习、图像识别、和多模式模式识别。最后，概述了涉及集成、功耗和功能的当前挑战和未来前景。