Piperidines are among the most important synthetic fragments for designing drugs and play a significant role in the pharmaceutical industry. Their derivatives are present in more than twenty classes of pharmaceuticals, as well as alkaloids. The current review summarizes recent scientific literature on intra- and intermolecular reactions leading to the formation of various piperidine derivatives: substituted piperidines, spiropiperidines, condensed piperidines, and piperidinones. Moreover, the pharmaceutical applications of synthetic and natural piperidines were covered, as well as the latest scientific advances in the discovery and biological evaluation of potential drugs containing piperidine moiety. This review is designed to help both novice researchers taking their first steps in this field and experienced scientists looking for suitable substrates for the synthesis of biologically active piperidines.

中文翻译：

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哌啶衍生物：合成和药理应用的最新进展。

哌啶是用于设计药物的最重要的合成片段之一，在制药工业中发挥着重要作用。它们的衍生物存在于二十多种药物以及生物碱中。本综述总结了最近关于导致形成各种哌啶衍生物的分子内和分子间反应的科学文献：取代哌啶、螺哌啶、缩合哌啶和哌啶酮。此外，还涵盖了合成和天然哌啶的药物应用，以及含有哌啶部分的潜在药物的发现和生物学评价的最新科学进展。