Electroconductive hydrogels have been applied in implantable bioelectronics, tissue engineering platforms, soft actuators, and other emerging technologies. However, achieving high conductivity and mechanical robustness remains challenging. Here we report an approach to fabricating electroconductive hydrogels based on the hybrid assembly of polymeric nanofiber networks. In these hydrogels, conducting polymers self-organize into highly connected three dimensional nanostructures with an ultralow threshold (~1 wt%) for electrical percolation, assisted by templating effects from aramid nanofibers, to achieve high electronic conductivity and structural robustness without sacrificing porosity or water content. We show that a hydrogel composed of polypyrrole, aramid nanofibers and polyvinyl alcohol achieves conductivity of ~80 S cm⁻¹, mechanical strength of ~9.4 MPa and stretchability of ~36%. We show that patterned conductive nanofiber hydrogels can be used as electrodes and interconnects with favorable electrochemical impedance and charge injection capacity for electrophysiological applications. In addition, we demonstrate that cardiomyocytes cultured on soft and conductive nanofiber hydrogel substrates exhibit spontaneous and synchronous beating, suggesting opportunities for the development of advanced implantable devices and tissue engineering technologies.

导电水凝胶已应用于植入式生物电子学、组织工程平台、软致动器等新兴技术领域。然而，实现高导电性和机械稳健性仍然具有挑战性。在这里，我们报告了一种基于聚合物纳米纤维网络的混合组装来制造导电水凝胶的方法。在这些水凝胶中，导电聚合物自组织成高度连接的三维纳米结构，具有超低的电渗透阈值（~1 wt%），在芳纶纳米纤维的模板效应的协助下，在不牺牲孔隙率或水的情况下实现高电子导电性和结构稳健性内容。我们表明，由聚吡咯、芳纶纳米纤维和聚乙烯醇组成的水凝胶的电导率约为 80 S cm^-1，~9.4 MPa 的机械强度和~36% 的拉伸性。我们表明，图案化的导电纳米纤维水凝胶可以用作电极和互连，具有良好的电化学阻抗和电生理应用的电荷注入能力。此外，我们证明在柔软且导电的纳米纤维水凝胶基质上培养的心肌细胞表现出自发和同步跳动，这表明有机会开发先进的植入式设备和组织工程技术。