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The GSK3β/Mcl-1 axis is regulated by both FLT3-ITD and Axl and determines the apoptosis induction abilities of FLT3-ITD inhibitors
Cell Death Discovery ( IF 6.1 ) Pub Date : 2023-02-04 , DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01317-0
Yang Qiu 1 , Ying Li 1 , Meng Chai 1 , Huiming Hua 2 , Rui Wang 3 , Samuel Waxman 3 , Yongkui Jing 1
Affiliation  

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with FLT3-ITD mutations are associated with poor prognosis. FLT3-ITD inhibitors are developed and result in transient disease remission, but generally resistance develops. We propose that resistance occurs due to apoptosis evasion. We compared the abilities of five clinically used FLT3-ITD inhibitors, namely, midostaurin, crenolanib, gilteritinib, quizartinib, and sorafenib, to induce apoptosis. These drugs inhibit FLT3-ITD and induce apoptosis. Apoptosis induction is associated with GSK3β activation, Mcl-1 downregulation, and Bim upregulation. Sorafenib-resistant MOLM-13/sor cells have the secondary D835Y mutation and increased Axl signaling pathway with cross-resistance to quizartinib. Gilteritinib and crenolanib inhibit both FLT3-ITD and Axl and induce apoptosis in MOLM-13/sor cells, in which they activate GSK3β and downregulate Mcl-1. Inactivation of GSK3β through phosphorylation and inhibitors blocks apoptosis and Mcl-1 reduction. The Axl/GSK3β/Mcl-1 axis works as a feedback mechanism to attenuate apoptosis of FLT3-ITD inhibition. Homoharringtonine decreases the protein levels of Mcl-1, FLT3-ITD, and Axl. Moreover, it synergistically induces apoptosis with gilteritinib in vitro and prolongs survival of MOLM-13/sor xenografts. The GSK3β/Mcl-1 axis works as the hub of FLT3-ITD inhibitors and plays a critical role in resistance against FLT3-ITD AML-targeted therapy.



中文翻译:

GSK3β/Mcl-1 轴受 FLT3-ITD 和 Axl 调节,并决定 FLT3-ITD 抑制剂的细胞凋亡诱导能力

具有 FLT3-ITD 突变的急性髓性白血病 (AML) 患者预后不良。开发了 FLT3-ITD 抑制剂并导致短暂的疾病缓解,但通常会产生耐药性。我们提出耐药性是由于细胞凋亡逃避而发生的。我们比较了五种临床使用的 FLT3-ITD 抑制剂(即米哚妥林、crenolanib、gilteritinib、quizartinib 和索拉非尼)诱导细胞凋亡的能力。这些药物抑制 FLT3-ITD 并诱导细胞凋亡。细胞凋亡诱导与 GSK3β 激活、Mcl-1 下调和 Bim 上调相关。索拉非尼耐药的 MOLM-13/sor 细胞具有继发性 D835Y 突变和增加的 Axl 信号通路,与 quizartinib 交叉耐药。Gilteritinib 和 crenolanib 抑制 FLT3-ITD 和 Axl,并诱导 MOLM-13/sor 细胞凋亡,其中它们激活 GSK3β 并下调 Mcl-1。通过磷酸化和抑制剂使 GSK3β 失活可阻断细胞凋亡和 Mcl-1 减少。Axl/GSK3β/Mcl-1 轴作为一种反馈机制来减弱 FLT3-ITD 抑制的细胞凋亡。Homoharringtonine 降低 Mcl-1、FLT3-ITD 和 Axl 的蛋白质水平。此外,它在体外与 gilteritinib 协同诱导细胞凋亡并延长 MOLM-13/sor 异种移植物的存活。GSK3β/Mcl-1 轴作为 FLT3-ITD 抑制剂的中枢,在 FLT3-ITD AML 靶向治疗的耐药性中起着关键作用。Homoharringtonine 降低 Mcl-1、FLT3-ITD 和 Axl 的蛋白质水平。此外,它在体外与 gilteritinib 协同诱导细胞凋亡并延长 MOLM-13/sor 异种移植物的存活。GSK3β/Mcl-1 轴作为 FLT3-ITD 抑制剂的中枢,在 FLT3-ITD AML 靶向治疗的耐药性中起着关键作用。Homoharringtonine 降低 Mcl-1、FLT3-ITD 和 Axl 的蛋白质水平。此外,它在体外与 gilteritinib 协同诱导细胞凋亡并延长 MOLM-13/sor 异种移植物的存活。GSK3β/Mcl-1 轴作为 FLT3-ITD 抑制剂的中枢,在 FLT3-ITD AML 靶向治疗的耐药性中起着关键作用。

更新日期:2023-02-05
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