The mammalian brain has an endogenous central circadian clock that regulates central and peripheral cellular activities. At the molecular level, this day-night cycle induces the expression of upstream and downstream transcription factors that influence the immune system and the severity of viral infections over time. In addition, there are also circadian effects on host tolerance pathways. This stimulates adaptation to normal changes in environmental conditions and requirements (including light and food). These rhythms influence the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of therapeutic drugs and vaccines. The importance of circadian systems in regulating viral infections and the host response to viruses is currently of great importance for clinical management. With the knowledge gained from the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to address any outbreak of viral infection that could become endemic and to quickly focus research on any knowledge gaps. For example, responses to booster vaccination COVID-19 may have different time-dependent patterns during circadian cycles. There may be a link between reactivation of latently infected viruses and regulation of circadian rhythms. In addition, mammals may show different seasonal antiviral responses in winter and summer. This article discusses the importance of the host circadian clock during monkeypox infection and immune system interactions.

哺乳动物大脑具有调节中枢和外周细胞活动的内源性中央生物钟。在分子水平上，这种昼夜循环会诱导上游和下游转录因子的表达，随着时间的推移，这些转录因子会影响免疫系统和病毒感染的严重程度。此外，昼夜节律对宿主耐受途径也有影响。这会刺激对环境条件和要求（包括光和食物）的正常变化的适应。这些节律影响治疗药物和疫苗的药代动力学和功效。昼夜节律系统在调节病毒感染和宿主对病毒的反应中的重要性目前对于临床管理非常重要。凭借从 COVID-19 大流行中获得的知识，解决任何可能成为地方性流行病的病毒感染爆发并迅速将研究重点放在任何知识空白上非常重要。例如，在昼夜节律周期中，对 COVID-19 加强疫苗接种的反应可能具有不同的时间依赖性模式。潜伏感染病毒的重新激活与昼夜节律的调节之间可能存在联系。此外，哺乳动物在冬季和夏季可能表现出不同的季节性抗病毒反应。本文讨论了宿主生物钟在猴痘感染和免疫系统相互作用过程中的重要性。