Research calls for the sexual and reproductive rights field to prioritize gender norms to ensure that women can act on their reproductive rights. However, there is a gap in accepted measures. We addressed this by including important theoretical components of gender norms: differentiating between descriptive and injunctive norms and adding a referent group. Our team originally developed and validated the G-NORM, a gender norms scale, in India. In this paper, we describe how we subsequently adapted and validated it in Nepal. We administered items to women of reproductive age, conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and examined associations between the subscales and reproductive health outcomes. Like the original G-NORM, our factor analyses showed that descriptive norms and injunctive norms comprise two distinct scales which fit the data well and had Cronbach alphas of 0.92 and 0.89. More equitable descriptive gender norms were associated with higher decision-making scores, increased odds of intending to use family planning, disagreeing that it is wrong to use family planning, and older ideal age at marriage. Injunctive gender norms were only associated with disagreeing that it is wrong to use family planning. Findings offer an improved measure of gender norms in Nepal and provide evidence that gender norms are critical for agency and reproductive health outcomes.

中文翻译：

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在尼泊尔调整和验证 G-NORM（性别规范量表）：性别规范如何与机构和生殖健康结果相关联的检查

研究呼吁性权利和生殖权利领域优先考虑性别规范，以确保妇女能够行使其生殖权利。但是，公认的措施存在差距。我们通过包括性别规范的重要理论组成部分来解决这个问题：区分描述性和指令性规范并添加一个指代组。我们的团队最初在印度开发并验证了 G-NORM，这是一种性别规范量表。在本文中，我们描述了我们随后如何在尼泊尔对其进行调整和验证。我们对育龄妇女进行了项目管理，进行了探索性和验证性因素分析，并检查了分量表与生殖健康结果之间的关联。与最初的 G-NORM 一样，我们的因素分析表明，描述性规范和指令性规范包含两个截然不同的量表，它们很好地拟合了数据，并且 Cronbach alpha 分别为 0.92 和 0.89。更公平描述性性别规范与更高的决策分数、打算使用计划生育的可能性增加、不同意使用计划生育是错误的以及年龄更大的理想结婚年龄相关。强制性性别规范仅与不同意使用计划生育是错误的有关。调查结果改进了尼泊尔性别规范的衡量标准，并提供了性别规范对机构和生殖健康结果至关重要的证据。