A broad range of problems associated with phase transitions in systems characterized by the strong interaction between particles and with formation of structures is reviewed. A general phenomenological mean-field model is constructed describing phase transitions of the first and the second order to the homogeneous, $k_0=0$, and inhomogeneous, ${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$ , states, the latter may occur even in case, when the interaction is translation-invariant. Due to fluctuations, the phase transition to the state, ${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$, becomes the transition of the first order. Various specific features of the phase transitions to the state ${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$ are considered such as the anisotropic spectrum of excitations, a possibility of the formation of various structures including running and standing waves, three-axis structures, the chiral waves, pasta mixed phases, etc. Next, a formal transition to hydrodynamical variables is performed. Then focus is made on description of the dynamics of the order parameter at the phase transitions to the states with ${\overrightarrow{k}}_0=0$ and ${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$. In case of the phase transition to the inhomogeneous state the dynamics has specific features. Next the non-ideal hydrodynamical description of the phase transitions of the liquid–gas type in nuclear systems is performed. The ordinary Ginzburg–Landau model proves to be not applicable for description of an initial inertial stage of the seeds. Surface tension, viscosity and thermal conductivity are driving forces of phase transitions. Quasi-periodic structures are developed during the transitions. Next, the specific example of the pion condensation phase transition to the ${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$ state in dense, cold or warm nuclear matter is considered and then the nuclear system at high temperature and small baryon chemical potential is studied, when baryons become completely blurred and light bosons, e.g., pions, may condense either in ${\overrightarrow{k}}_0=0$ or ${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$ states. Then, for the scalar collective modes the phenomena of the Pomeranchuk instability and the Bose condensation in ${\overrightarrow{k}}_0=0$ or ${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$ states are studied and a possibility of a metastable dilute nuclear state is discussed. Next, possibility of the condensation of Bose excitations in the ${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$ state in the moving media is considered. Then Bose–Einstein condensation of pions with dynamically fixed number of particles is studied. Finally, specific purely non-equilibrium effects are demonstrated on an example of the sudden breaking up of the box filled by nucleons.

回顾了与以粒子之间的强相互作用和结构形成为特征的系统中的相变相关的广泛问题。构建了一个一般的现象学平均场模型，描述了从一阶和二阶到均匀的相变，$k_0=0$，并且不均匀，${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$，状态，后者甚至可能发生，当交互是平移不变的时。由于波动，相变状态，${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$, 成为一阶的转移。相变状态的各种具体特征${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$被认为是各向异性激发光谱，形成各种结构的可能性，包括运行波和驻波，三轴结构，手性波，意大利面混合相等。接下来，执行到流体动力学变量的正式过渡。然后重点描述了相变到状态的有序参数的动力学${\overrightarrow{k}}_0=0$和${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$. 在相变到非均匀状态的情况下，动力学具有特定的特征。接下来，对核系统中液-气相变进行非理想流体动力学描述。普通的 Ginzburg-Landau 模型被证明不适用于描述种子的初始惯性阶段。表面张力、粘度和热导率是相变的驱动力。准周期结构是在跃迁过程中形成的。下面具体举例pion凝聚相变到${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$考虑致密、冷或暖核物质的状态，然后研究高温和小重子化学势下的核系统，此时重子变得完全模糊，轻玻色子（例如介子）可能凝聚成${\overrightarrow{k}}_0=0$或者${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$状态。然后，对于标量集体模式，Pomeranchuk 不稳定性和玻色凝聚现象在${\overrightarrow{k}}_0=0$或者${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$状态进行了研究，并讨论了亚稳稀核态的可能性。接下来，玻色激发在${\overrightarrow{k}}_0\ne 0$考虑移动媒体中的状态。然后研究了粒子数动态固定的π介子的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚。最后，以核子填充的盒子突然破裂为例，证明了特定的纯非平衡效应。