Soil health is the foundation for the maintenance of ecosystem stability and multifunctionality. It is necessary to identify the key indicators of soil health that indicate ecosystem multifunctionality against anthropogenic disturbances such as land use management. Many studies have shown the pivotal role of soil biodiversity in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality. However, the key role of soil multidiversity (including different body size soil organisms across multitrophic levels) in affecting ecosystem functions is poorly understood. We have implemented a multitrophic perspective to study soil multidiversity by including bacteria, fungi, nematodes (5 feeding types), and arthropods (thripidae, poduridae, and others). Here we show that a multitrophic approach in soil biodiversity is important to highlight trophic interactions and their subsequent effects on the soil multidiversity-ecosystem multifunctionality (MEF) relationship. We postulate that soil multidiversity promotes soil health and thus drives the MEF relationship. We assessed soil multidiversity, 11 variables for ecosystem functions, and ecological network stability (reflected by co-occurrence network patterns) in rubber plantations differing in land-use intensity represented by monoculture (MRP), high (RHD) and low (RLD) diversity of other plant species. We also included tropical rainforest (TRF) as a reference system to compare our results. Results showed that soil multidiversity, multifunctionality, and soil network stability significantly improved in RHD as compared to MRP. Soil multidiversity rather than single diversity component had strong positive effects on multifunctionality. More specifically, we found that the relationship between soil multidiversity and multifunctionality was seasonally dependent on the soil attributes and the body size of soil organisms. We observed a negative correlation between large body size organisms and soil nutrients content in the dry season while a positive correlation between small body size soil organisms and enzymatic activities in the rain season. Particularly, we emphasized the role of soil multidiversity in enhancing ecosystem multifunctionality and stability via its prominent impacts on soil health. Our study elucidates that accurate identification of soil health indicators is an important approach to imply remedial management strategies to maintain soil health and MEF relationship in managed ecosystems such as rubber plantations.

土壤健康是维持生态系统稳定性和多功能性的基础。有必要确定土壤健康的关键指标，这些指标表明生态系统针对土地使用管理等人为干扰的多功能性。许多研究表明土壤生物多样性在维持生态系统多功能性方面的关键作用。然而，人们对土壤多样性（包括跨多营养级的不同体型土壤生物）在影响生态系统功能方面的关键作用知之甚少。我们实施了多营养学视角，通过包括细菌、真菌、线虫（5 种取食类型）和节肢动物（蓟马科、荚节科等）来研究土壤多样性。在这里，我们表明土壤生物多样性的多营养方法对于突出营养相互作用及其对土壤多多样性-生态系统多功能性 (MEF) 关系的后续影响很重要。我们假设土壤多样性促进土壤健康，从而推动 MEF 关系。我们评估了土地利用强度不同的橡胶种植园的土壤多样性、生态系统功能的 11 个变量和生态网络稳定性（通过共现网络模式反映），以单一种植 (MRP)、高 (RHD) 和低 (RLD) 多样性为代表其他植物种类。我们还包括热带雨林 (TRF) 作为参考系统来比较我们的结果。结果表明，与 MRP 相比，RHD 中的土壤多样性、多功能性和土壤网络稳定性显着提高。土壤多样性而非单一多样性成分对多功能性具有强烈的积极影响。更具体地说，我们发现土壤多样性和多功能性之间的关系在季节性上取决于土壤属性和土壤生物体的大小。我们观察到旱季大型生物与土壤养分含量呈负相关，而雨季小型土壤生物与酶活性呈正相关。特别是，我们强调了土壤多样性通过其对土壤健康的显着影响在增强生态系统多功能性和稳定性方面的作用。