This research focuses on violence by females who were involved in terror attacks in Israel during the Intifada of the Individuals between September 2015 and October 2016. Videos of encounters during this conflict present a sample of females perpetrating terror attacks, responding as armed security personnel, or participating (or not) in mob violence following the attack. Using the Three Agent Model of terror attacks, we sorted female modes of participation into “Aggressor,” “Disruptor,” and part of “Crowd.” We analyzed 20 terror attacks with female aggressors and 8 terror attacks with female disruptors, extrapolating the information from analysis of the videos, open-source materials on the Internet, and in-depth interviews. Attacks by female aggressors usually involved numerous “Threat Moves” and were generally disorganized; nevertheless, these aggressors were likely to be killed. Female disruptors were predominantly in uniform and armed. They conveyed a viewpoint of being equal in operational prowess to their fellow soldiers who were male. Some of them expressed an intention to moderate the level of violence during friction, but the video analysis revealed that, like their male fellows, they were likely to inflict lethal violence or to risk being killed. We were not able to locate any evidence of involvement of females in crowd violence following terror attacks, nor that crowd violence by males directed towards subdued female aggressors. We contend that the level of institutional preparation is the most likely explanation for these patterns of aggression on both sides of the political conflict, for women terrorists and women combatants alike. We discuss the utility and limitations of our theoretical and empirical approaches to understanding female aggression.

这项研究的重点是 2015 年 9 月至 2016 年 10 月期间在以色列的个人起义期间参与恐怖袭击的女性的暴力行为。这场冲突期间的遭遇视频展示了女性实施恐怖袭击、作为武装安保人员作出反应的样本，或在袭击发生后参与（或不参与）暴民暴力。使用三代理模型在恐怖袭击中，我们将女性的参与方式分为“侵略者”、“破坏者”和“人群”的一部分。我们分析了 20 起女性侵略者的恐怖袭击和 8 起女性破坏者的恐怖袭击，从视频分析、互联网上的开源材料和深度访谈中推断出信息。女性侵略者的攻击通常涉及许多“威胁动作”，而且通常是无组织的；然而，这些侵略者很可能会被杀死。女性破坏者主要穿着制服和武装。他们传达了一种观点，即在作战能力上与男性战友是平等的。他们中的一些人表示有意在摩擦期间缓和暴力程度，但视频分析显示，与他们的男性同伴一样，他们很可能会施以致命的暴力或有被杀的危险。我们无法找到女性参与恐怖袭击后人群暴力的任何证据，也无法找到男性针对被制服的女性侵略者的人群暴力。我们认为，制度准备水平最有可能解释政治冲突双方的这些侵略模式，对女性恐怖分子和女性战斗员都是如此。我们讨论了我们的理论和实证方法在理解女性攻击性方面的效用和局限性。我们认为，制度准备水平最有可能解释政治冲突双方的这些侵略模式，对女性恐怖分子和女性战斗员都是如此。我们讨论了我们的理论和实证方法在理解女性攻击性方面的效用和局限性。我们认为，制度准备水平最有可能解释政治冲突双方的这些侵略模式，对女性恐怖分子和女性战斗员都是如此。我们讨论了我们的理论和实证方法在理解女性攻击性方面的效用和局限性。