In recent years, due to the rapid urbanization, the fire risk in transport infrastructures is becoming more critical. These fires, typically caused by highly flammable materials, can significantly compromise the stability of the structure, as well as cause significant economic and social losses. However, in current regulations, no fire design or verification criteria are provided for bridges and the buildings prescriptions are not directly applicable due to the significant differences among the fire conditions. Therefore, starting from a deep literature review, different performance levels for bridges’ structural fire resistance were proposed. These levels were linked to the fire risk classification suggested by Kodur et al., for identifying the most vulnerable bridges to fire. This methodology was applied both to the prescriptive and performance-based approaches, using nominal and natural fire curves derived by advanced zone models of several bridge fire scenarios. To better investigate the structural fire performance of bridges, parametric analyses of a typological bridge were conducted for identifying the most critical structural systems and fire scenarios. One of the most relevant finding is that the use of performance-based approach allows to consider more realistic fire conditions, to satisfy higher performance levels with an optimization of the fire protection design. Therefore, the proposed approach can be useful both for designers and industrial category to assess the bridge performances in fire, not only according to prescriptive approach but also considering the performance-based one.